Tag: moon

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #June2022 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 #ChineseAcademyOfSciences Research Reveals the Constraints of the Chang’e-4 Infrared Imaging Spectroscopic Ground Validation Experiment on the Material Composition of the Lunar SPA Surface…

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As of Month of April 2022, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than moved more than 1142.39 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna….

On 27th June 2022 the Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Reveals the Constraints of the Chang’e-4 Infrared Imaging Spectroscopic Ground Validation Experiment on the Material Composition of the Lunar SPA Surface

The Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS) on the Yutu No. 2 Lunar Rover has measured infrared imaging spectral data at multiple locations along the rover’s walking route. VNIS is the main method used to study the composition of lunar soil and lunar surface rocks in the landing area and to trace their origin. The research of the Institute of Geology and Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences revealed the constraints on the composition of the lunar SPA surface by the Chang’e-4 infrared imaging spectroscopy ground verification experiment.

The Yutu-2 rover has been working on the lunar surface for more than 40 months, and the infrared imaging spectrometer (VNIS) it carried has measured infrared imaging spectral data at multiple locations along the rover’s walking route. VNIS is the main method used to study the composition of lunar soil and lunar surface rocks in the landing area and to trace their origin. However, factors such as space weathering, particle size and multiple scattering, the spectral response of the instrument, and observation conditions all affect the spectral characteristics and lead to large uncertainties in the mineral composition calculated from the lunar surface spectral data.

　　In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of different VNIS data processing methods, Chang Rui, a doctoral student in the Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, under the guidance of his supervisor researcher Yang Wei and associate researcher Lin Honglei, selected a mineral composition with Spectroscopic ground verification experiments were performed on the Suchang-gabbro with similar lunar highland rocks (Fig. 1). The rock (CR-1) studied by the ground verification experiment has an actual mineral pattern content of 12.9% olivine, 35.0% pyroxene and 52.2% plagioclase, as measured by scanning electron microscopy. In order to more accurately calculate the spectral results of CR-1, the researchers ground and sorted the olivine, low-calcium pyroxene, high-calcium pyroxene and plagioclase from the rock samples in CR-1. -4, ASD) to measure the visible-near-infrared spectral results of each single mineral (Fig. 2a), and each single mineral has its own spectral absorption characteristics. The spectrum of CR-1 measured by the VNIS identifier showed distinct absorption features at the 971 (±1) nm and 1957 (±8) nm bands (Fig. 2b). This absorption feature is similar to the rock absorption feature detected by VNIS on the Yutu-2 rover on the third day of the month. The Hapke model of the VNIS spectrum of CR-1 calculated the mineral pattern content of the sample to be 7.5% olivine, 39.3% pyroxene and 53.2% plagioclase, which were consistent with the true results within the error range.

　　According to the data processing method in this study combined with the photometric correction of the Chang’e-4 lunar surface data by Yang et al. (2020), the more accurate mineral model content of the rocks detected by the Yutu-2 rover on the third day should be 11.7 % olivine, 42.8% pyroxene and 45.5% plagioclase. The rover found another lunar surface rock on the 26th day with spectral absorption characteristics similar to those found on the 3rd day, with mineral pattern contents of 3.2% olivine, 24.6% pyroxene, and 72.2% plagioclase. The two lunar surface rocks belong to the sutraite category in the “Anorthosite-Norite-Troctolite” (ANT) system (Fig. 3) (Heiken G, 1991), which means that the Chang’e-4 landing area lunar The rock formations under the soil are mainly ANT rocks. The rocks detected by the Yutu-2 rover on the 26th day contained more plagioclase and were closer to the mineral composition of the average lunar crust.

　　To sum up, the lunar surface of the Chang’e-4 landing area has su-long and plagio-like rocks, which represent the material formed by the rapid crystallization in the impact melting pool and the composition of the average lunar crust, respectively. On the one hand, an impact event excavated material from the underlying layers of lunar soil to the lunar surface. These excavated materials have the characteristics of crystalline plutonic rocks in the molten pool of the South Pole Aitken Basin (SPA). On the other hand, the initial lunar crustal material formed before the SPA big impact event can also be retained in the SPA.

　　The related research results were published in Remote Sensing . The research work has been funded by the Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Key Deployment Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Innovation Interdisciplinary Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Civil Aerospace Pre-research Project of the National Space Administration, and the Key Deployment Project of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Figure 1. (a) The image of the lunar surface rock detected by Chang’e-4 on the third month; (b) the spectral detection status of the lunar surface rock (the yellow circle represents the near-infrared spectral detection field); (c) the ground verification of this study The rock used in the experiment (CR-1)

Figure 2. (a) Visible-NIR spectra of single minerals in CR-1; (b) VNIS spectra of rocks and CR-1 measured on the third day of Chang’e-4

Fig. 3. Mineral composition distribution of olivine-pyroxene-plagioclase in lunar surface rocks measured by Chang’e-4 (Heiken G, 1991). The lunar sample sampling points are marked in the figure, for example: A-11 is Apollo 11, L-16 is Luna 16, (H) and (M) represent high ground and lunar soil, respectively

Images and visuals are from their Respectives source Chinese Academy of Sciences .. 52 Sanlihe Rd., Xicheng District, Beijing, China (100864)- People’s Republic of China.

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #April2022 | #嫦娥五号#CLEP The #Moon #Change5 #LunarMission #MonsRumker #LunaExploration Announcement on the release of the fourth batch of lunar scientific research samples…

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More than One year ago on 24th November 2020, the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

​​On the 15th April 2022 Friday, Issuing  it’s the Lunar Exploration and Aerospace Engineering Center (Lunar Sample Management Office) organized the fourth lunar scientific research sample loan application review meeting in Beijing. After review by the expert committee and the Lunar Exploration and Aerospace Engineering Center, 37 applications submitted by 18 responsible persons from 11 scientific research institutions were approved, totaling 8.768g. The specific list is as follows: The public can visit the CNSA China National Space AdministrationCLEP China Lunar Exploration and Deep Space Exploration Network http://www.clep.org.cn, enter the Lunar and Deep Space Exploration Scientific Data and Sample Release System, obtain relevant information, and apply for scientific research samples. 

Applicants who are approved should sign a lunar sample loan agreement with the Lunar Exploration Center within 10 working days and receive a lunar sample certificate. After that, contact the Lunar Sample Laboratory of the National Astronomical Observatory in accordance with the procedures to go through the relevant procedures for sample collection.       

Via CNSA China Space Administration –CLEP China Lunar Exploration project management office Lunar Exploration and Aerospace Engineering Center      

Very #CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #March2022 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 #LunarMission #MonsRumker #LunaExploration The fourth batch of lunar scientific research samples information released online…

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More than One year ago on 24th November 2020, the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

​​On the 1st March 2022 Tuesday, Issued on 28th of February 2022 it’s the third-phase ground application system of the lunar exploration it is hereby announced that the fourth batch of lunar scientific research samples for the Chang’e 5 mission will be released online. The public can visit the CNSA China National Space Administration CLEP China Lunar Exploration and Deep Space Exploration Network http://www.clep.org.cn, enter the Lunar and Deep Space Exploration Scientific Data and Sample Release System, obtain relevant information, and apply for scientific research samples. 

Via CNSA China Space Administration –CLEP China Lunar Exploration project management office

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #February2022 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 Lunar adventuring #LunaExploration recently discovered explorationally of macroscopic translucent glass globules Stalagmite detected..

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As of Month of January  2022, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than 1003.9 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna….

On the 19th February 2022 week Hong Kong SAR – Beijing Time CNSA CLEP – China National Space Administration –China Lunar Space Program has released the 23rd batch of scientific data released by Chang’e-4 this month’s data came relatively late, but the content is very rich. More than 240 photos include more than 30 color photos. The data collection time announced this time is during the day of the 27th month (2021.02.04~2021.02.19).

is in the last month day In , experts analysed a “milestone” shaped stone, which, in fact, wasn’t the only similarly shaped stone nearby. Just south of the “milestone”, there is another similar stone, which the driving team calls a “stalagmite”, the relationship between the two is marked in Figure 1 (map from Chapter 27 of the Driving Diary). The focus of this moon and day detection is on this “stalagmite”, and the specific process is full of twists and turns. It is recommended that you read the original text of “Driving Diary”. Data source: Lunar and Planetary Data Release System

At 4:32 on February 6 2022 Hong Kong SAR- Beijing Time, Yutu-2 successfully woke up and entered the 27th lunar day, during which it spent its third Spring Festival on the moon.

Last month, we detected the “milestone” rock. Once the news came out, it attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. Dan Moriarty, a researcher at NASA, said: “This rock sample has Similar to the shape of a shark fin, it’s definitely unusual. ” He said that both the shape of the shark fin, and the apparent bulge near the edge of the rock, indicate a very young geological age and a relatively short existence at the site where it was found. Clive Neal, a famous lunar expert at the University of Notre Dame in the United States, also expressed his views on the rocks. While the “milestone” has attracted the attention of the international aerospace science community, Chinese scientists are gradually unravelling the mystery of its identity.

Strange discoveries always come in pairs. Last month, the pilots found a “stalagmite” shaped stone standing in the south direction, similar to the “milestone” shape. The two echoed each other. Everyone decided to act immediately and explore again. “Stalagmite”.

The rhythm of the whole moon, day and morning was tight and orderly. After three moves, Yutu No. 2 arrived near the “stalagmite” before noon on the moon. At this time, the shadow of the car body blocked the target, and it seemed to persuade Yutu to take a nap and explore the “stalagmite” again. , we had to wait for the Yutu to wake up from the lunch break to continue the probe.

Under the scorching sun, Jade Rabbit spent its Spring Festival, and before the fifth day of the first lunar month, it started work early in the day and afternoon. The pilots controlled Yutu-2 to turn to the intended detection heading. According to the previous ground planning path deduction, the road detected at this time is flat, and the bright surface of the “stalagmite” should be able to enter the infrared field of view. However, the obstacle-avoidance images downloaded to the ground are full of artistic “alternation of light and dark”, which is different from the “simple and straightforward” that scientists hoped to be completely illuminated by sunlight.

There are so many exciting moments in lunar exploration. It is within reach, but it seems to be so far away. However, the pilots have been very patient in the long-term detection, and proposed three detection plans for the current situation: go straight ahead, detour to the southwest side of the “stalagmite”, and detour to the southeast to wait for next month’s detection.

Here are a few photos synthesized from the original images:
Figure 2: Color photos of the “Milestone” taken from a distance
Figures 3 and 4: The lunar image taken by Yutu-2 to the “Stalagmite” (you find the Chang’e-4’s photo) Is the lander yet?)
Figure 5: A close-up photo of the “stalagmite”

After repeated deductions and demonstrations, the last plan was not very feasible and was first excluded, and the remaining two plans entered the final PK. Drivers detour from the west side and the southeast side to verify the feasibility of the second option. Detouring from the southeast, there are many potholes along the way. After starting, Yutu No. 2 will step into the pit, which is more dangerous; while the west side seems to be flat along the way, but there is a large impact crater near the end position. Yutu No. 2 The No. 1 can only move around in a small area between the impact crater and the “stalagmite”. Not only is its range of activity severely limited, which may cause the solar wings to be blocked, but it must also return to the original path after detection, which is laborious and dangerous. After several rounds of calculation and demonstration, direct detection wins.

The pilots controlled the Yutu for the first attempt. The preliminary results show that the actual infrared field of view is about 4 cm away from the ideal field of view. The second time, everyone adjusted according to the suggestions of the scientists and tried again, but the results were still biased. The two failed attempts, and the time was approaching zero, and the station resources were almost exhausted. Facing the temptation of the mystery behind the moon, the pilots were still reluctant to give up and decided to try again. They urgently extended the measurement and control arc for an hour, adjusted the posture of the jade rabbit and probed again. With all the hard work, the images uploaded this time show that the infrared field of view finally accurately covers the narrow light of the “stalagmite” !

Those who travel a hundred miles are half and ninety. When it is unknown whether success or failure will come next time, persevering may be our only chance. This time Yutu No.2 and the pilots did it! Next time, would you like to challenge and persevere for your dreams?

Images and visuals are from CNSA- China National Space Administration also from their respectives…

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #January2022 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 Lunar adventuring- the latest scientific achievements of the Chang’e-4 neutral atom detector… #AstrophysicalJournalLetters…

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As of Month of January  2022, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than 1003.9 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna…. At the moment it’s resting till the next set of adventuring parameters is need..

As of the latest of the Change 4 lunar lander still constant working while Yutu 2 the lunar Rover takes a break after visiting it’ creative lunar rock art forming a Jade Rabbit snacking on lunar Carrot.  The latest scientific achievements of the Chang’e-4 neutral atom detector嫦娥四号中性原子探测仪最新科学成果……

​​As we all know, the earth has a strong global magnetic field. When the solar wind “invades” the earth, a huge protective umbrella, the magnetosphere, will form around the earth, blocking most of the solar wind. Due to the lack of this global magnetic field and dense atmosphere on the moon, the lunar surface is directly exposed to the deep space, and the solar wind and the earth’s wind can directly bombard the lunar surface, producing various effects. The current data from China’s Chang’e, Japan’s Moon Goddess, India’s Chandrayaan-1, and the US Interstellar Boundary Probe show that about 0.1-1% of the solar wind protons in the general area will be scattered by the lunar surface, and 10-20% of the solar wind protons will be scattered with the lunar surface. After the action, it is converted into energy neutral atoms, and most of the remaining will be injected into the lunar soil to produce lunar water. Although the moon does not have a global magnetic field, there are many magnetic anomaly areas scattered on the lunar surface, and the magnetic field strength on the lunar surface is about several hundred nT. It can block part of the solar wind from bombarding the lunar surface, and the reflectivity of solar wind protons increases significantly in large-scale magnetic anomalies. Detecting energy-neutral atoms can reveal the microphysical mechanisms of the interactions between the solar wind, the Earth’s wind and the lunar surface, revealing small-scale features.

Fig. 1 Chang’e-4 landed on the Von Karman crater in the South Pole-Aiken Basin on the far side of the moon. The yellow area is the magnetic anomaly, and the red arrow represents the direction of the solar wind bombarding the lunar surface on the dark side.


On January 3, 2019, Chang’e-4 landed on the Von Karman impact crater in the South Pole-Aiken Basin on the far side of the moon, and the Neutral Atom Detector (ASAN) on the Yutu-2 lunar rover was energy neutral to the lunar surface for the first time on the far side of the moon. Atoms (ENA) make observations. Based on the analysis of the ENA energy spectrum obtained by ASAN from January 11, 2019 to October 12, 2020, the study found that in most lunar days, the ENA differential flux on the morning side is higher than that on the dusk side; The analysis of the observation data of the Atom Detector and the ARTEMIS satellite during the same period found that the differential flux of ENA in different energy ranges on the morning side and the dusk side is positively correlated with the solar wind state parameters such as flux, density and dynamic pressure. This is the first time to calculate the electrostatic potential above the magnetic anomaly using the observation data of neutral atoms on the lunar surface, updating the understanding of the interaction between particles and the magnetic anomaly. The results have extensive reference value for the study of solar wind, terrestrial wind and celestial bodies without atmosphere and global magnetic field (such as asteroids or comets).
 

Fig. 2 The electric field of charge polarization caused by the motion of protons and electrons, the electric field direction is upward. 
The deceleration of solar wind protons is associated with magnetic anomalies.

       The research results were published in Astrophysical Journal Letters, an authoritative magazine in the industry. The first author of the paper is Wang Huizi, a doctoral student in the Interaction Group of the Magnetosphere and the Solar Wind at Shandong University. Zhang Jiang from the Planetary Science Research Group, and the co-authors of the paper are from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Peking University, Space Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Earth Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc.

​​众所周知，地球有着强大的全球磁场，太阳风“入侵”地球时，地球周围会形成一个巨大的保护伞——磁层，阻挡了绝大部分太阳风。而月球由于缺少这种全球磁场和浓密大气，月球表面直接暴露于深空中，太阳风、地球风可以直接轰击月表，产生各种各样的效应。目前来自中国嫦娥、日本月亮女神、印度月船一号以及美国星际边界探测器的数据表明，一般区域大约0.1-1%的太阳风质子会被月表散射，10-20%的太阳风质子与月表作用后转化成能量中性原子，剩下大部分会注入月壤产生月球水。虽然月球没有全球磁场，但在月表散落着多个磁场异常区，在月表磁场强度约几百nT，当太阳风与磁异常相互作用时，也会形成一个小保护伞——微磁层，也可以阻挡一部分太阳风轰击月表，太阳风质子的反射率在大尺度磁异常区明显增加。探测能量中性原子可以揭示太阳风、地球风与月表相互作用的微观物理机制，揭示其中的小尺度特征。

2019年1月3日，嫦娥四号着陆在月球背面南极-艾肯盆地冯•卡门撞击坑，玉兔二号月球车上的中性原子探测仪（ASAN）首次在月球背面对月表能量中性原子（ENA）开展观测。该研究在分析2019年1月11日至2020年10月12日ASAN获取的ENA能谱的基础上，发现大多数月昼中，晨侧ENA微分通量高于昏侧；结合嫦娥四号中性原子探测仪和ARTEMIS卫星同期的观测数据分析发现，晨侧和昏侧不同能量范围的ENA微分通量与太阳风状态参数如通量、密度及动压呈正相关关系。这是首次利用月表中性原子观测数据计算磁异常上方的静电势，更新了粒子与磁异常相互作用的认识。该成果对研究太阳风、地球风与无大气无全球磁场的天体（如小行星或彗星）具有广泛的参考价值。

       该研究成果发表于业内权威杂志Astrophysical Journal Letters，该论文的第一作者是山东大学磁层与太阳风相互作用课题组博士生王慧姿，通讯作者为山东大学磁层与太阳风相互作用课题组长史全岐教授和行星科学课题组张江老师，论文的合作者来自于日本宇宙航空研究开发机构、北京大学、中科院空间中心、中科院地球所等。

Materials provided by: Wang Huizi素材提供：王慧姿