Tag: Luna Photography

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #December2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission-returning home safely …..

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Review of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission-returning home safely

One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

​​At 23:10 on December 3, 2020, the Chang’e-5 ascender carried a lunar sample to take off from the lunar surface. About 6 minutes later, it entered an elliptical orbit around the moon. At 2:13 on December 6, the ascender accurately reached the scheduled “handover” position 50 kilometers in front of the orbit-return assembly and about 10 kilometers above it. At 5:42, the ascender and the orbit-returning assembly completed the rendezvous and docking. At 6 o’clock, the sample packaging container was transferred from the ascender to the returner. This process of autonomous rendezvous and docking and sample transfer is like the handover process in a 100-meter relay race. It is brilliant and highly technical. Using a lunar orbital rendezvous and docking after take-off from the lunar surface, rather than a direct lunar-to-ground transfer after taking off from the lunar surface, this design is conducive to collecting and carrying more samples back to the earth, and for technical accumulation and verification for subsequent missions.

After the Chang’e-5 probe undergoes a lunar-to-earth transfer, the returner and the orbiter are separated and transferred to the return re-entry section, using a semi-ballistic jump type, that is, a “drifting” return method. After two re-entry into the atmosphere, it decelerates in Beijing. At 1:59 on December 17, 2020, the returner successfully landed in the planned area of ​​Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia, marking the successful completion of my country’s first extraterrestrial celestial body sampling and return mission.

At about 1 am on the 17th, the Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center injected high-precision navigation parameters into the Chang’e-5 orbiter and returner combination through the ground measurement and control station. After that, the orbiter and the returner were normally unlocked and separated at a height of about 5,000 kilometers above the sea level of the South Atlantic Ocean, and the orbiter completed the evasive maneuver as planned. At 1:33 in the morning, the Chang’e-5 returner entered the earth’s atmosphere at a high speed close to the second cosmic speed (about 11.2 kilometers per second) at a height of about 120 kilometers above the ground, and performed the first aerodynamic deceleration. After descending to a predetermined altitude, the retractor jumps up out of the atmosphere and begins to slide down after reaching the highest point. After that, the returner enters the atmosphere again and performs a second aerodynamic deceleration. When descending to a height of about 10 kilometers above the ground, the retractor opened the parachute to complete the final deceleration and maintain a stable attitude, and then landed smoothly in the predetermined area.

During the 30-second parachute opening process, a total of 3 work phases were completed. A series of actions were completed to open the parachute with the flip cover, decelerate the deceleration parachute, pull out the main parachute by the deceleration parachute separation, open the parachute like a closed main parachute, and fully open the main parachute and descend steadily. The work of the recovery system is interlocked. Any mistake will cause the catastrophic consequences of the hard landing of the returner. All the work links cannot be controlled and adjusted from the ground. The recovery system needs to complete these accurately and reliably in such a short time. The action ensures that the returner can safely land at the predetermined location.

Before welcoming the return of Chang’e 5 at the Siziwangqi landing site, a snowfall also arrived as expected, putting a layer of “dress” on the landing site and also brought great difficulty to the search and recovery of the mission. In order to ensure this mission, the search and recovery brigade of a certain base that performed the search and recovery mission organized several rounds of search and recovery exercises under extreme weather conditions such as “extreme cold, dark night, and freezing”. In the end, the search team arrived at the landing site about half an hour after landing and successfully completed the mission. Chang’e 5 obtained a total of 1,731 grams of lunar samples, which is also in line with the characteristics of China’s lunar exploration project. It took 17 years and went through three steps of “circumnavigating, descending, and returning” to draw a blueprint for China’s lunar exploration.

Reaching the moon in nine days, sailing shining galaxy;

Dream set sail, we walk along the way!

Looking forward to the next highlight of China’s lunar exploration project!

视频制作：侯军 海报：石萌
文：刘然 戚铁磊

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #December2021 | # SinusIridium #LunarMission #Change3 #Yutu1 Lunar Exploration #December2013  eight years ago landing on the #Moon  …..八年前的今天，嫦娥三号成功落月！

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八年前的今天，嫦娥三号成功落月！Today, 8 years ago, Chang’e-3 successfully landed on the moon!

​​ As of Month of December 2021, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4with Yutu One the Lunar rover Today in 15th December on 14th December 2013  in which is on eight years ago 2013 the CNSA CLEP China National Space Administration – China Luna Exploration Program Chang’e-3 probe successfully landed on the moon China- People’s Republic of China  becomes the third country in the world A country capable of independently implementing a soft landing on the moon on Sinus Iridium Nearby Mare Imbrium ….

8 years ago Chang’e-3 makes the five-star red flag China’s Flag debut on the moon on that day Review looking through back in time eight years ago on  The historical moment of the successful landing of Chang’e-3 Lunar Lander.. landing on the The landing site of China’s first Moon lander Chang’e-3 has been named “Guang Han Gong（广寒宫） (Guang: widely, extensively; Han: cold, freezing；Gong: Palace) ” or “Moon Palace” by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), China’s State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND). Three nearby impact craters were given the names Zi Wei, Tian Shi and Tai Wei, three constellations in traditional Chinese astrology

On December 14, 2013, China’s first unmanned moon landing probe, Chang’e-3, successfully landed on the moon. The setting moon starts at an altitude of 15 kilometers. During the 11-minute setting of the moon, Chang’e-3 relied on autonomous control to go through six stages: main deceleration, rapid adjustment, approach, hovering, obstacle avoidance, and slow descent. 1.7 kilometers per second gradually reduced to 0. At an altitude of 100 meters from the lunar surface, the probe stopped temporarily and used sensors to observe the landing area to avoid obstacles and select a landing site. After walking the last few meters in free fall, the four landing legs that steadily “stand” on the surface of the moon touched the moon, indicating that Chang’e-3 landed perfectly in the Hongwan area of ​​the moon.  

The landing site of Chang’e-3 has good communications and sunshine conditions in the Hongwan area of ​​the moon, and the terrain is relatively flat. No human probe has ever visited before. This area, later named “Guanghan Palace” by the International Astronomical Union, is not only the landing site of Chang’e-3, but also a new starting point for China’s lunar exploration.  

While achieving a soft landing on the moon, Chang’e-3 also shoulders the mission of breaking through key technologies such as automatic patrol surveys, deep space measurement and control communications, and moon night survival. The Chang’e-3 lunar probe consisting of the lander and the “Yutu” lunar rover has a total weight of nearly 3.8 tons. In the following time, the “Yutu” left the lander and began scientific exploration, and the lander conducted in-situ detection at the landing site.  

Chang’e-3 did not live up to high expectations. It saw the earth on the moon for the first time,  obtained images of the earth’s plasma layer for the first time, and completed the first geological profile of the moon and the first celestial body survey. With the successful completion of the mission of Chang’e-3, China’s three-step strategy of “orbiting, landing, and returning” for China’s lunar exploration project has progressed smoothly, and has begun to fully enter a new stage of unmanned automatic sampling and return.

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #December2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review The third anniversary of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission series-space rods#ChangZheng5 …..

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One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

​​At 23:10 on December 3, 2020, the Chang’e-5 ascender carried a lunar sample to take off from the lunar surface. About 6 minutes later, it entered an elliptical orbit around the moon. At 2:13 on December 6, the ascender accurately reached the scheduled “handover” position 50 kilometers in front of the orbit-return assembly and about 10 kilometers above it. At 5:42, the ascender and the orbit-returning assembly completed the rendezvous and docking. At 6 o’clock, the sample packaging container was transferred from the ascender to the returner. This process of autonomous rendezvous and docking and sample transfer is like the handover process in a 100-meter relay race. It is brilliant and highly technical. Using a lunar orbital rendezvous and docking after take-off from the lunar surface, rather than a direct lunar-to-ground transfer after taking off from the lunar surface, this design is conducive to collecting and carrying more samples back to the earth, and for technical accumulation and verification for subsequent missions.

Aspect 1-chase in space

Both the ascender and the orbit-back assembly fly around the moon, but the orbital heights are different. The ascender runs on the outer track at a height of 210 kilometers, and the orbit-back assembly runs on the inner track at a height of 200 kilometers. The distance on the inner track is short, the track-back assembly runs slightly faster, and the ascender on the outer track runs slower. In order to realize the “transfer bar”, the rail-back assembly needs to raise the rail in the height direction and gradually approach the ascender in the front and rear direction. When approaching a certain distance, the orbit-back assembly will autonomously control the engine to change the direction of travel and take a shortcut to catch up with the ascender. During the entire chase process, multiple anchor points are set up, and the orbit-return assembly stops to keep the relative position unchanged, conducts a state inspection, and ensures that the measurement and control conditions meet the requirements during docking.

Picture: Lunar orbital rendezvous and docking flight phase division. (Source: Xu Yang, Ma Lin, Liu Tao, etc. Chang’e 5 Lunar Orbital Rendezvous and Docking Guidance, Navigation and Control System. Science in China: Technological Sciences, 2021, 51: 788–798)

 Aspect 2-“High-precision measurement” + “Know yourself and the enemy”

During the rendezvous and docking process, it is necessary to make the orbit-return assembly and the ascender know the relative position, speed and attitude of each other. For this reason, a variety of sensors for relative measurement are configured to realize relative navigation. When the distance is 100 kilometers, the microwave radar starts to work. It not only provides the relative motion parameters of the two devices according to the traditional radar “call and answer” mode, but also upgrades to the “dialogue exchange” mode, between the orbital assembly and the ascender. Two-way transmission of remote control commands and telemetry parameters. At a distance of 20 kilometers, lidar “comes on the scene” to provide higher-precision measurement information. At about 100 meters, the optical sensor began to show its talents to achieve close distance and attitude measurement. These sensors are relayed to each other over the working distance and covered and connected, so as to ensure that there are at least two different systems of sensors available at any distance, so that the orbit-back assembly can be seen more accurately, the measurement is more precise, and the system is more reliable. 

Aspect 3-precise “handover baton” from 380,000 kilometers away

The weight of the orbit-return assembly is more than 2 tons, but the mass of the ascender is only one-sixth of its mass. If the traditional collision docking is used, it is very easy to cause the ascender to be knocked into flight. For this reason, a claw-type catching and docking mechanism is specially designed. Each pair of claws is like two arms, which are quickly closed within 1 second to form a closed space, and the passive lock handle of the ascender is firmly restrained inside. Can’t escape. It has to be accurate, and the accuracy requirement after docking is better than 0.5 mm, which is like “threading a needle” in space. The use of 3 sets of claw mechanism star-shaped circumferential layout and self-centering design realizes the automatic centering of the two aircraft after docking, and realizes the lightweight design while ensuring high-precision docking.

The design of the transfer mechanism is also very clever. In order to realize the transfer of long-stroke sample containers of more than six hundred millimeters, the designers found inspiration from the inchworm. Based on the principle of movement stroke amplification + relay transfer, they proposed a relay mechanism for imitating the inchworm. The simple circular expansion and contraction movement of the parallel link can realize the continuous movement of the object. The entire transfer process is like the movement of a caterpillar, stretching and shrinking, continuously advancing.

​​2020年12月3日23时10分，嫦娥五号上升器携带月球样品从月面点火起飞，约6分钟后，进入环月椭圆轨道。12月6日2时13分，上升器准确到达轨返组合体前方50公里、上方约10公里的预定“交班”位置。5时42分，上升器与轨返对合体完成交会对接，6时，样品封装容器从上升器转移到返回器中。这个自主交会对接和样品转移过程就好像百米接力赛中的交接棒过程，精彩纷呈，技术含量极高。采用从月面起飞后进行一次月球轨道交会对接，而不是从月面起飞后直接月地转移，这样的设计有利于采集和携带更多样品返回地球，并为后续任务进行技术积累和验证。

看点1——太空中的追逐

上升器和轨返组合体都在环月飞行，但轨道高度不同，上升器在210公里高的外道跑，轨返组合体在200公里高的内道跑。内道路程短，轨返组合体跑得稍快一些，外道的上升器则跑得要慢一点。为了实现“交接棒”，轨返组合体需要在高度方向上抬高轨道，并且在前后方向上逐渐逼近上升器。当接近到一定距离时，轨返组合体会自主控制发动机来改变行进方向，抄近道赶上上升器。整个追逐过程设置多个停泊点，轨返组合体停下来保持相对位置不变，进行状态检查，并确保对接的时候测控条件满足要求。

 看点2——“高精测量”+“知己知彼”

在交会对接过程中，需要让轨返组合体和上升器清楚彼此的相对位置、速度和姿态，为此配置了多种进行相对测量的敏感器，用来实现相对导航。在相距100公里的时候，微波雷达开始工作，既按照传统雷达的“点名答到”模式提供两器的相对运动参数，还升级到“对话交流”模式，在轨返组合体和上升器之间双向传输遥控指令和遥测参数。在相距20公里的时候，激光雷达“登场”，提供更高精度的测量信息。而到了100米左右，光学敏感器开始大显身手，实现近距离的距离和姿态测量。这些敏感器在作用距离上彼此接力又有覆盖衔接，从而确保在任意距离上至少有两种不同体制的敏感器可用，使得轨返组合体看得更准，测得更精，系统更加可靠。 

看点3——38万公里之外的精准“交接棒”

轨返组合体重达2吨多，上升器质量却只有它的六分之一，如果采用传统的碰撞式对接，极易导致上升器被撞飞。为此，专门设计了抱爪式抓捕对接机构，每对抱爪犹如两只手臂，在1秒内快速合拢形成闭合空间，将位于上升器的被动锁柄牢牢地约束在内部，再也无法逃脱。对得上还得对得准，对接后的精度要求优于0.5毫米，好比在太空“穿针引线”。采用3套抱爪机构星型周向布局、自定心设计，实现了两飞行器对接后的自动对准中心，在保证高精度对接的同时实现了轻量化设计。

转移机构的设计也很巧妙。为了实现六百多毫米的长行程样品容器转移，设计师们从尺蠖的身上找到了灵感，基于运动行程放大+接力转移的原理，提出了一种仿尺蠖大展收接力式机构，通过多级并联连杆的简单循环展收运动，就可以实现物体的连续移动。整个转移过程如同毛毛虫的运动，一伸一缩、不断前进。

作者：王琼  胡震宇 于丹 戚铁磊​​​​

Images and visuals are from Weibo and their respectives…. Of CNSA China National Space Administration … 

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #December2021 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 Lunar adventuring #LunaExploration The latest achievement of Chang’e-4-Discovery of impact residues of carbonaceous meteorites on the back of the moon, exploring “moon extraneous water”

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As of Month of December 2021, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than 839.37 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna….

Recently, the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Space Weather Liu Yang State Key Laboratory researcher team, joint University of Hawaii, Macau University of Science and Technology, Peking University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University and other domestic and foreign partners to acquire based on Chang E IV Patroller has Ultra-high spatial resolution imagery and spectral data have identified carbonaceous chondrite impactor residues that are less than one million years old in situ on the lunar surface for the first time. The research results are titled “Impact remnants rich in carbonaceous chondrites detected on the Moonby the Chang’e-4 rover” and published in “Nature- Astronomy.

On the ninth day of Chang’e 4 on the far side of the moon, the Yutu-2 lunar rover “ran into” a fresh impact crater with a size of 2 meters, and carried out detailed spectral detection of the impact crater (Figure 1). The detailed analysis of the hyperspectral image data obtained by the imaging spectrometer found that the spectra of the suspected “residue” in the center of the impact crater and the typical lunar soil and rock fragments inside and outside the crater show significantly different characteristics, which are similar to the spectrum of carbonaceous meteorites. Very high degree of similarity. Quantitative inversion results of the spectrum based on the radiation transfer model showed that the mass ratio of the carbonaceous meteorite in the residue reached more than 40%. The results of the numerical simulation of the impact crater show that a 15cm diameter loose impactor hitting the lunar surface at a speed of 15km/s (the typical impactor speed of the lunar surface) can form the small impact crater morphology observed above. And there are residues distributed in the center of the impact crater. 

      The study of impact residues will provide an important reference for the origin of lunar water and the evolution history of the composition and type of impact bodies in the Earth-Moon system. It is also expected to further constrain the evolution of the solar system’s orbital dynamics and enhance our understanding of the impact history of the inner solar system.

     Studies have shown that the impact of carbonaceous asteroids rich in volatile matter may still provide water for the current moon, and it is believed that carbonaceous asteroids may be a common type of impactor in the current Earth-Moon system, supporting the type of impactor in the inner solar system from early The main change from ordinary chondrites to later carbonaceous chondrites. By analyzing possible impactor residues in the young moon samples of Chang’e-5, further scientific verification can be carried out.

 

Source: Researcher Liu Yang’s team at the State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences​​​​

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #November2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission-the  #ChangZheng5 #LongMarch5 #CarrierRocket arrow points to the sky …..

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One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

Highlight 1: Narrow window launch The launch window is the ignition time period for the launch vehicle to meet the needs of the transfer to the moon. Due to the typhoon and strong tropical cyclone in Wenchang area, high-altitude wind, heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and other meteorological conditions are very complicated, it can be imagined. The narrower the window, the greater the risk of launching large cryogenic launch vehicles. There are many factors that determine the launch window, such as the relative position of the launch site and the target point, the safe landing zone of the rocket wreckage, the time of sunlight after the launch probe (satellite) enters orbit, the measurement and control arc, the lunar landing zone, and the lunar take-off time , Re-entry return time, etc. The more the launch constraint conditions, the narrower the launch window. In order to ensure the reliable implementation of the Chang’e-5 mission, it is necessary to solve the design difficulties of the multi-orbit moon launch scheme under the constraints of the range of launch, the safety of the landing zone, the measurement and control of the ascent section, and the rocket taxi time.

Aspect 2: During the two-stage taxiing process of the accurate low-temperature launch vehicle in the landing zone of the rocket, the quality of the propellant will decline with the passage of time, so the longer the taxiing time, the more unfavourable the startup of the low-temperature power system. For this reason, the rocket system has carried out a large number of ground tests, and the three flights of the Long March 5 have fully evaluated and verified the long sliding ability of the model. The rocket area of ​​the Chang’e-5 mission must fly over the Philippine Islands. The booster landing area is located west of the Philippines, the fairing landing area is located east of the Philippines, and the core landing area is located in the Pacific Ocean. Multi-ballistic launching has caused significant horizontal and vertical dispersion in the sub-level wreckage landing area. Therefore, if the mission permits, the range of the shooting direction and dispersion must be minimized to optimize the safety of the landing area. The scientific research team carried out multiple rounds of optimization design for the horizontal and vertical dispersion of the multi-ballistic trajectory to the moon with variable firing direction and variable glide time. In the end, the rocket wreckage landed exactly in the intended sea area. Aspect 3: Multi-trajectory, “moving target shooting”

A key technology in the launch phase of the Chang’e-5 mission is multi-ballistic launch, that is, within 3 consecutive days, there are 5 nominal trajectories with 10 minute intervals between take-offs every day, evenly covering the 50-minute launch window. The purpose of multiple ballistics is to achieve “mobile shooting” with different take-off points and the same destination during the relative movement of the earth and the moon. As long as the launch vehicle ignites within the launch window and sends the probe into a predetermined Earth-Moon transfer orbit, the probe can fly to the near-moon point at exactly the same time, altitude, incident angle, illumination, and measurement and control conditions. Through the detailed orbit design, the outstanding performance of the launch vehicle systems, and the concerted cooperation of various departments, the Chang’e-5 probe was sent into the scheduled orbit with very high accuracy, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent flight missions.

Aspect 3: Multi-trajectory, “moving target shooting” A key technology in the launch phase of the Chang’e-5 mission is multi-ballistic launch, that is, within 3 consecutive days, there are 5 nominal trajectories with 10 minute intervals between take-offs every day, evenly covering the 50-minute launch window. The purpose of multiple ballistics is to achieve “mobile shooting” with different take-off points and the same destination during the relative movement of the earth and the moon. As long as the launch vehicle ignites within the launch window and sends the probe into a predetermined Earth-Moon transfer orbit, the probe can fly to the near-moon point at exactly the same time, altitude, incident angle, illumination, and measurement and control conditions. Through the detailed orbit design, the outstanding performance of the launch vehicle systems, and the concerted cooperation of various departments, the Chang’e-5 probe was sent into the scheduled orbit with very high accuracy, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent flight missions.

Images and visuals are from Weibo and their respectives…. Of CNSA China National Space Administration …