Tag: Luna exploration

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #December2021 | # SinusIridium #LunarMission #Change3 #Yutu1 Lunar Exploration #December2013  eight years ago landing on the #Moon  …..八年前的今天，嫦娥三号成功落月！

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八年前的今天，嫦娥三号成功落月！Today, 8 years ago, Chang’e-3 successfully landed on the moon!

​​ As of Month of December 2021, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4with Yutu One the Lunar rover Today in 15th December on 14th December 2013  in which is on eight years ago 2013 the CNSA CLEP China National Space Administration – China Luna Exploration Program Chang’e-3 probe successfully landed on the moon China- People’s Republic of China  becomes the third country in the world A country capable of independently implementing a soft landing on the moon on Sinus Iridium Nearby Mare Imbrium ….

8 years ago Chang’e-3 makes the five-star red flag China’s Flag debut on the moon on that day Review looking through back in time eight years ago on  The historical moment of the successful landing of Chang’e-3 Lunar Lander.. landing on the The landing site of China’s first Moon lander Chang’e-3 has been named “Guang Han Gong（广寒宫） (Guang: widely, extensively; Han: cold, freezing；Gong: Palace) ” or “Moon Palace” by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), China’s State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND). Three nearby impact craters were given the names Zi Wei, Tian Shi and Tai Wei, three constellations in traditional Chinese astrology

On December 14, 2013, China’s first unmanned moon landing probe, Chang’e-3, successfully landed on the moon. The setting moon starts at an altitude of 15 kilometers. During the 11-minute setting of the moon, Chang’e-3 relied on autonomous control to go through six stages: main deceleration, rapid adjustment, approach, hovering, obstacle avoidance, and slow descent. 1.7 kilometers per second gradually reduced to 0. At an altitude of 100 meters from the lunar surface, the probe stopped temporarily and used sensors to observe the landing area to avoid obstacles and select a landing site. After walking the last few meters in free fall, the four landing legs that steadily “stand” on the surface of the moon touched the moon, indicating that Chang’e-3 landed perfectly in the Hongwan area of ​​the moon.  

The landing site of Chang’e-3 has good communications and sunshine conditions in the Hongwan area of ​​the moon, and the terrain is relatively flat. No human probe has ever visited before. This area, later named “Guanghan Palace” by the International Astronomical Union, is not only the landing site of Chang’e-3, but also a new starting point for China’s lunar exploration.  

While achieving a soft landing on the moon, Chang’e-3 also shoulders the mission of breaking through key technologies such as automatic patrol surveys, deep space measurement and control communications, and moon night survival. The Chang’e-3 lunar probe consisting of the lander and the “Yutu” lunar rover has a total weight of nearly 3.8 tons. In the following time, the “Yutu” left the lander and began scientific exploration, and the lander conducted in-situ detection at the landing site.  

Chang’e-3 did not live up to high expectations. It saw the earth on the moon for the first time,  obtained images of the earth’s plasma layer for the first time, and completed the first geological profile of the moon and the first celestial body survey. With the successful completion of the mission of Chang’e-3, China’s three-step strategy of “orbiting, landing, and returning” for China’s lunar exploration project has progressed smoothly, and has begun to fully enter a new stage of unmanned automatic sampling and return.

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #December2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review The third anniversary of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission series-space rods#ChangZheng5 …..

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One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

​​At 23:10 on December 3, 2020, the Chang’e-5 ascender carried a lunar sample to take off from the lunar surface. About 6 minutes later, it entered an elliptical orbit around the moon. At 2:13 on December 6, the ascender accurately reached the scheduled “handover” position 50 kilometers in front of the orbit-return assembly and about 10 kilometers above it. At 5:42, the ascender and the orbit-returning assembly completed the rendezvous and docking. At 6 o’clock, the sample packaging container was transferred from the ascender to the returner. This process of autonomous rendezvous and docking and sample transfer is like the handover process in a 100-meter relay race. It is brilliant and highly technical. Using a lunar orbital rendezvous and docking after take-off from the lunar surface, rather than a direct lunar-to-ground transfer after taking off from the lunar surface, this design is conducive to collecting and carrying more samples back to the earth, and for technical accumulation and verification for subsequent missions.

Aspect 1-chase in space

Both the ascender and the orbit-back assembly fly around the moon, but the orbital heights are different. The ascender runs on the outer track at a height of 210 kilometers, and the orbit-back assembly runs on the inner track at a height of 200 kilometers. The distance on the inner track is short, the track-back assembly runs slightly faster, and the ascender on the outer track runs slower. In order to realize the “transfer bar”, the rail-back assembly needs to raise the rail in the height direction and gradually approach the ascender in the front and rear direction. When approaching a certain distance, the orbit-back assembly will autonomously control the engine to change the direction of travel and take a shortcut to catch up with the ascender. During the entire chase process, multiple anchor points are set up, and the orbit-return assembly stops to keep the relative position unchanged, conducts a state inspection, and ensures that the measurement and control conditions meet the requirements during docking.

Picture: Lunar orbital rendezvous and docking flight phase division. (Source: Xu Yang, Ma Lin, Liu Tao, etc. Chang’e 5 Lunar Orbital Rendezvous and Docking Guidance, Navigation and Control System. Science in China: Technological Sciences, 2021, 51: 788–798)

 Aspect 2-“High-precision measurement” + “Know yourself and the enemy”

During the rendezvous and docking process, it is necessary to make the orbit-return assembly and the ascender know the relative position, speed and attitude of each other. For this reason, a variety of sensors for relative measurement are configured to realize relative navigation. When the distance is 100 kilometers, the microwave radar starts to work. It not only provides the relative motion parameters of the two devices according to the traditional radar “call and answer” mode, but also upgrades to the “dialogue exchange” mode, between the orbital assembly and the ascender. Two-way transmission of remote control commands and telemetry parameters. At a distance of 20 kilometers, lidar “comes on the scene” to provide higher-precision measurement information. At about 100 meters, the optical sensor began to show its talents to achieve close distance and attitude measurement. These sensors are relayed to each other over the working distance and covered and connected, so as to ensure that there are at least two different systems of sensors available at any distance, so that the orbit-back assembly can be seen more accurately, the measurement is more precise, and the system is more reliable. 

Aspect 3-precise “handover baton” from 380,000 kilometers away

The weight of the orbit-return assembly is more than 2 tons, but the mass of the ascender is only one-sixth of its mass. If the traditional collision docking is used, it is very easy to cause the ascender to be knocked into flight. For this reason, a claw-type catching and docking mechanism is specially designed. Each pair of claws is like two arms, which are quickly closed within 1 second to form a closed space, and the passive lock handle of the ascender is firmly restrained inside. Can’t escape. It has to be accurate, and the accuracy requirement after docking is better than 0.5 mm, which is like “threading a needle” in space. The use of 3 sets of claw mechanism star-shaped circumferential layout and self-centering design realizes the automatic centering of the two aircraft after docking, and realizes the lightweight design while ensuring high-precision docking.

The design of the transfer mechanism is also very clever. In order to realize the transfer of long-stroke sample containers of more than six hundred millimeters, the designers found inspiration from the inchworm. Based on the principle of movement stroke amplification + relay transfer, they proposed a relay mechanism for imitating the inchworm. The simple circular expansion and contraction movement of the parallel link can realize the continuous movement of the object. The entire transfer process is like the movement of a caterpillar, stretching and shrinking, continuously advancing.

​​2020年12月3日23时10分，嫦娥五号上升器携带月球样品从月面点火起飞，约6分钟后，进入环月椭圆轨道。12月6日2时13分，上升器准确到达轨返组合体前方50公里、上方约10公里的预定“交班”位置。5时42分，上升器与轨返对合体完成交会对接，6时，样品封装容器从上升器转移到返回器中。这个自主交会对接和样品转移过程就好像百米接力赛中的交接棒过程，精彩纷呈，技术含量极高。采用从月面起飞后进行一次月球轨道交会对接，而不是从月面起飞后直接月地转移，这样的设计有利于采集和携带更多样品返回地球，并为后续任务进行技术积累和验证。

看点1——太空中的追逐

上升器和轨返组合体都在环月飞行，但轨道高度不同，上升器在210公里高的外道跑，轨返组合体在200公里高的内道跑。内道路程短，轨返组合体跑得稍快一些，外道的上升器则跑得要慢一点。为了实现“交接棒”，轨返组合体需要在高度方向上抬高轨道，并且在前后方向上逐渐逼近上升器。当接近到一定距离时，轨返组合体会自主控制发动机来改变行进方向，抄近道赶上上升器。整个追逐过程设置多个停泊点，轨返组合体停下来保持相对位置不变，进行状态检查，并确保对接的时候测控条件满足要求。

 看点2——“高精测量”+“知己知彼”

在交会对接过程中，需要让轨返组合体和上升器清楚彼此的相对位置、速度和姿态，为此配置了多种进行相对测量的敏感器，用来实现相对导航。在相距100公里的时候，微波雷达开始工作，既按照传统雷达的“点名答到”模式提供两器的相对运动参数，还升级到“对话交流”模式，在轨返组合体和上升器之间双向传输遥控指令和遥测参数。在相距20公里的时候，激光雷达“登场”，提供更高精度的测量信息。而到了100米左右，光学敏感器开始大显身手，实现近距离的距离和姿态测量。这些敏感器在作用距离上彼此接力又有覆盖衔接，从而确保在任意距离上至少有两种不同体制的敏感器可用，使得轨返组合体看得更准，测得更精，系统更加可靠。 

看点3——38万公里之外的精准“交接棒”

轨返组合体重达2吨多，上升器质量却只有它的六分之一，如果采用传统的碰撞式对接，极易导致上升器被撞飞。为此，专门设计了抱爪式抓捕对接机构，每对抱爪犹如两只手臂，在1秒内快速合拢形成闭合空间，将位于上升器的被动锁柄牢牢地约束在内部，再也无法逃脱。对得上还得对得准，对接后的精度要求优于0.5毫米，好比在太空“穿针引线”。采用3套抱爪机构星型周向布局、自定心设计，实现了两飞行器对接后的自动对准中心，在保证高精度对接的同时实现了轻量化设计。

转移机构的设计也很巧妙。为了实现六百多毫米的长行程样品容器转移，设计师们从尺蠖的身上找到了灵感，基于运动行程放大+接力转移的原理，提出了一种仿尺蠖大展收接力式机构，通过多级并联连杆的简单循环展收运动，就可以实现物体的连续移动。整个转移过程如同毛毛虫的运动，一伸一缩、不断前进。

作者：王琼  胡震宇 于丹 戚铁磊​​​​

Images and visuals are from Weibo and their respectives…. Of CNSA China National Space Administration … 

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #December2021 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 Lunar adventuring #LunaExploration The latest achievement of Chang’e-4-Discovery of impact residues of carbonaceous meteorites on the back of the moon, exploring “moon extraneous water”

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As of Month of December 2021, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than 839.37 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna….

Recently, the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Space Weather Liu Yang State Key Laboratory researcher team, joint University of Hawaii, Macau University of Science and Technology, Peking University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University and other domestic and foreign partners to acquire based on Chang E IV Patroller has Ultra-high spatial resolution imagery and spectral data have identified carbonaceous chondrite impactor residues that are less than one million years old in situ on the lunar surface for the first time. The research results are titled “Impact remnants rich in carbonaceous chondrites detected on the Moonby the Chang’e-4 rover” and published in “Nature- Astronomy.

On the ninth day of Chang’e 4 on the far side of the moon, the Yutu-2 lunar rover “ran into” a fresh impact crater with a size of 2 meters, and carried out detailed spectral detection of the impact crater (Figure 1). The detailed analysis of the hyperspectral image data obtained by the imaging spectrometer found that the spectra of the suspected “residue” in the center of the impact crater and the typical lunar soil and rock fragments inside and outside the crater show significantly different characteristics, which are similar to the spectrum of carbonaceous meteorites. Very high degree of similarity. Quantitative inversion results of the spectrum based on the radiation transfer model showed that the mass ratio of the carbonaceous meteorite in the residue reached more than 40%. The results of the numerical simulation of the impact crater show that a 15cm diameter loose impactor hitting the lunar surface at a speed of 15km/s (the typical impactor speed of the lunar surface) can form the small impact crater morphology observed above. And there are residues distributed in the center of the impact crater. 

      The study of impact residues will provide an important reference for the origin of lunar water and the evolution history of the composition and type of impact bodies in the Earth-Moon system. It is also expected to further constrain the evolution of the solar system’s orbital dynamics and enhance our understanding of the impact history of the inner solar system.

     Studies have shown that the impact of carbonaceous asteroids rich in volatile matter may still provide water for the current moon, and it is believed that carbonaceous asteroids may be a common type of impactor in the current Earth-Moon system, supporting the type of impactor in the inner solar system from early The main change from ordinary chondrites to later carbonaceous chondrites. By analyzing possible impactor residues in the young moon samples of Chang’e-5, further scientific verification can be carried out.

 

Source: Researcher Liu Yang’s team at the State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences​​​​

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #November2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission-the  #ChangZheng5 #LongMarch5 #CarrierRocket arrow points to the sky …..

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One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

Highlight 1: Narrow window launch The launch window is the ignition time period for the launch vehicle to meet the needs of the transfer to the moon. Due to the typhoon and strong tropical cyclone in Wenchang area, high-altitude wind, heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and other meteorological conditions are very complicated, it can be imagined. The narrower the window, the greater the risk of launching large cryogenic launch vehicles. There are many factors that determine the launch window, such as the relative position of the launch site and the target point, the safe landing zone of the rocket wreckage, the time of sunlight after the launch probe (satellite) enters orbit, the measurement and control arc, the lunar landing zone, and the lunar take-off time , Re-entry return time, etc. The more the launch constraint conditions, the narrower the launch window. In order to ensure the reliable implementation of the Chang’e-5 mission, it is necessary to solve the design difficulties of the multi-orbit moon launch scheme under the constraints of the range of launch, the safety of the landing zone, the measurement and control of the ascent section, and the rocket taxi time.

Aspect 2: During the two-stage taxiing process of the accurate low-temperature launch vehicle in the landing zone of the rocket, the quality of the propellant will decline with the passage of time, so the longer the taxiing time, the more unfavourable the startup of the low-temperature power system. For this reason, the rocket system has carried out a large number of ground tests, and the three flights of the Long March 5 have fully evaluated and verified the long sliding ability of the model. The rocket area of ​​the Chang’e-5 mission must fly over the Philippine Islands. The booster landing area is located west of the Philippines, the fairing landing area is located east of the Philippines, and the core landing area is located in the Pacific Ocean. Multi-ballistic launching has caused significant horizontal and vertical dispersion in the sub-level wreckage landing area. Therefore, if the mission permits, the range of the shooting direction and dispersion must be minimized to optimize the safety of the landing area. The scientific research team carried out multiple rounds of optimization design for the horizontal and vertical dispersion of the multi-ballistic trajectory to the moon with variable firing direction and variable glide time. In the end, the rocket wreckage landed exactly in the intended sea area. Aspect 3: Multi-trajectory, “moving target shooting”

A key technology in the launch phase of the Chang’e-5 mission is multi-ballistic launch, that is, within 3 consecutive days, there are 5 nominal trajectories with 10 minute intervals between take-offs every day, evenly covering the 50-minute launch window. The purpose of multiple ballistics is to achieve “mobile shooting” with different take-off points and the same destination during the relative movement of the earth and the moon. As long as the launch vehicle ignites within the launch window and sends the probe into a predetermined Earth-Moon transfer orbit, the probe can fly to the near-moon point at exactly the same time, altitude, incident angle, illumination, and measurement and control conditions. Through the detailed orbit design, the outstanding performance of the launch vehicle systems, and the concerted cooperation of various departments, the Chang’e-5 probe was sent into the scheduled orbit with very high accuracy, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent flight missions.

Aspect 3: Multi-trajectory, “moving target shooting” A key technology in the launch phase of the Chang’e-5 mission is multi-ballistic launch, that is, within 3 consecutive days, there are 5 nominal trajectories with 10 minute intervals between take-offs every day, evenly covering the 50-minute launch window. The purpose of multiple ballistics is to achieve “mobile shooting” with different take-off points and the same destination during the relative movement of the earth and the moon. As long as the launch vehicle ignites within the launch window and sends the probe into a predetermined Earth-Moon transfer orbit, the probe can fly to the near-moon point at exactly the same time, altitude, incident angle, illumination, and measurement and control conditions. Through the detailed orbit design, the outstanding performance of the launch vehicle systems, and the concerted cooperation of various departments, the Chang’e-5 probe was sent into the scheduled orbit with very high accuracy, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent flight missions.

Images and visuals are from Weibo and their respectives…. Of CNSA China National Space Administration …  

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #October2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic Lunar Mission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Chang’e5 Research lunar samples refreshing Traditional Understanding of Lunar Evolution…

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On October 19th Thursday 2021, the Chinese Academy of Sciences  released the latest research results of the Chang’e-5 lunar scientific research samples. A number of breakthroughs have given a new understanding of the evolution of the moon. The research results of the lunar samples of Chang’e 5 show that magma activity still existed on the moon until 2 billion years ago. The lunar mantle source area of ​​late magma activity is not rich in radioactive heat-generating elements and is very “dry”. This series of research is led by the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Astronomical Observatory, and jointly carried out by a number of research institutions. The related results have formed 4 papers, one published in the “National Science Review”, and published in the international academic journal “Nature” 3 articles.

The duration and geochemical characteristics of the lunar basalt magma are the “keys” for understanding the thermal-chemical evolution of the moon. Previous studies have confirmed that magma activity on the moon lasted at least approximately 2.8 to 3 billion years ago. However, there has been controversy in the scientific community about the exact time when the lunar magma activity ceased. The study found that the lunar sample of Chang’e 5 is a new type of lunar basalt, which is different from the lunar samples collected and returned by the United States and the Soviet Union. Researchers analyzed more than 50 uranium-rich minerals in the basalt cuttings of the Chang’e 5 lunar sample and determined that the basalt formation age was 20.30±0.04 billion years, indicating that there was still magma activity on the moon until 2 billion years ago, which is more than the limit of previous lunar samples. Magma activity has been extended for about 800 million years.

​10月19日，中国科学院发布嫦娥五号月球科研样品最新研究成果，多项突破性进展给出了对月球演化的全新认识。嫦娥五号月球样品研究结果显示，月球直到20亿年前仍存在岩浆活动，晚期岩浆活动的月幔源区并不富含放射性生热元素，而且非常“干”。该系列研究由中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所和国家天文台主导，联合多家研究机构共同开展，相关成果形成4篇论文，在《国家科学评论》发表1篇，在国际学术期刊《自然》发表3篇。

月海玄武岩浆的持续时间和地球化学特征是理解月球热-化学演化的“钥匙”。此前的研究已证实，月球岩浆活动至少持续到大约28亿至30亿年前。但对于月球岩浆活动停止的确切时间，科学界一直存在争议。研究发现，嫦娥五号月球样品为一类新的月海玄武岩，不同于美国和苏联采集返回的月球样品。科研人员对嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩岩屑中50余颗富铀矿物进行分析，确定玄武岩形成年龄为20.30±0.04亿年，表明月球直到20亿年前仍存在岩浆活动，比以往月球样品限定的岩浆活动延长了约8亿年。

The cause of the most recent magmatic activity on the Moon has always been an unsolved mystery. At present, there are two possible explanations in the scientific community: the lunar mantle source is rich in radioactive elements to provide a heat source, or the lunar mantle is rich in water to lower its melting point. The latest study found that the lunar mantle source area of ​​the basalt from the lunar sample of Chang’e 5 is not enriched in “Krip material.” Since the “Krip material” is rich in radioactive heat-generating elements, this result proves that the radioactive heat-generating elements of the lunar mantle are not the main reason for the formation of the basalt of the Chang’e-5 lunar sample. Regarding whether the magma source area is rich in water, the research team measured the water content and hydrogen isotopic composition in the basalt of the Chang’e 5 lunar sample, and found that the water content in the lunar mantle source area was only 1 to 5 micrograms/g, which means that the lunar mantle Very “dry”. This discovery also excludes the hypothesis that the lunar mantle is rich in water and has a low melting point, resulting in an abnormally prolonged duration of magma activity in this area.

月球最晚期岩浆活动的成因一直是未解之谜，目前科学界存在两种可能的解释：月幔源区富含放射性元素以提供热源，或月幔富含水从而降低其熔点。最新研究发现，嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩的月幔源区并不富集“克里普物质”。由于“克里普物质”富含放射性生热元素，这一结果证明月幔放射性生热元素并不是形成嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩的主要原因。对于岩浆源区是否富含水，科研团队测定了嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩中的水含量和氢同位素组成，发现月幔源区的水含量仅为1至5微克/克，也就是说月幔非常“干”。这一发现也排除了月幔富水而具有低熔点，导致该区域岩浆活动持续时间异常延长的猜想。

Water content and hydrogen isotopic composition of apatite and melt inclusions in the Chang’e-5 basalt sample
Backscattered scanning electron microscope image of apatite and magma inclusions in the Chang’e-5 basalt (a) A complete picture of the basalt cuttings (406-010,023) in the alloy target. The cuttings are mainly composed of olivine (Ol), It is composed of pyroxene (Px), feldspar (Pl) and ilmenite (Ilm), and a small amount of iron olivine (Fa), meteorite (Tro), spinel (Sp), apatite (Apa) and Quartz (Q). 
(B), (c) and (d) are the partial images of the cuttings respectively. 
(B) The figure shows the melt inclusion (MI) surrounded by ilmenite. 
(C) and (d) show that apatite is mainly produced in the intergranular area and is euhedral or semi-automorphic

According to the hypothesis of the origin of the big impact, the original Earth collided with a planetary planet the size of Mars, forming a “disk” composed of high-temperature magma and gas around the earth. When the temperature begins to cool, materials such as silicate first gather to form the moon (Figure 1), and water is a highly volatile material that escapes into space in a gaseous form and is lost. Therefore, the moon born in this way contains almost no water and is a nearly dry planet. The research results of the lunar samples of Chang’e 5 further provided supporting evidence for the origin and evolution of the moon, raised new scientific questions for the study of the lunar thermal evolution history, and proposed new directions for future lunar exploration and research.

We welcome domestic and foreign scientists to join the ranks of the research on these data and samples. At present, research on lunar samples is mainly carried out by domestic scientific research institutions, and foreign scientists have joined the Chinese team to carry out joint research. In the follow-up, we will issue relevant policies, uphold the principles of “equality and mutual benefit, peaceful use, and inclusive development”, expand international exchanges and cooperation, and provide more Chinese wisdom, Chinese solutions, and Chinese power for the peaceful use of space and the promotion of a community with a shared future for mankind.

根据大撞击起源假说，原始地球与一个火星大小的星子碰撞，形成了一个围绕地球的、由高温岩浆和气体组成的“盘”。当温度开始冷却时，硅酸盐等物质首先聚集形成月球（图1），而水属于强挥发的物质，会以气态形式向太空逃逸而丢失。因此，这种方式诞生的月球，几乎不含水，是一个近乎干透了的星球。嫦娥五号月球样品的研究成果进一步为月球起源及演变提供了支撑证据，为月球热演化历史研究提出了新的科学问题，对未来的月球探测和研究提出了新的方向。

我们欢迎国内外科学家加入对这些数据和样品的研究行列。目前，月球样品研究主要由国内科研机构牵头开展，也有国外的科学家加入中国团队开展联合研究。后续，我们将出台相关政策，秉持“平等互利、和平利用、包容发展”的原则，扩大国际交流与合作，为人类和平利用太空、推动人类命运共同体提供更多中国智慧、中国方案、中国力量。

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