Tag: Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #January2021 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 Lunar adventuring 628.47 Meters #LunaExploration Summary of 746-day scientific research results reveal micro-scale thermal radiation characteristics of the moon….

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As of 20th January 2021 Wednesday, The CNSA –China National Space Administration – CLEP- China Luna Exploration Program Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 successfully awakened and entered the 26th day of the work period….Chang’e 4 enters the 26th moon night] The Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover completed the 26th day of the month at 21:10 and 14:06 on January 20, and were set up according to ground instructions. Enter the moonlit night dormancy. Up to now, the Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover have worked on the moon for 749 earth days, with a cumulative mileage of 628.47 meters.

The Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover completed the 26th day of the month at 21:10 and 14:06 on January 20, completed the set-up according to ground instructions, and entered moon-night sleep. Up to now, the Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover have worked on the moon for 749 earth days, with a cumulative mileage of 628.47 meters.

Based on the first-hand data obtained by the Chang’e-4 mission, the scientific research team continues to achieve scientific results. The team of researcher Wu Yunzhao from the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences took a different approach and used the visible near-infrared spectrometer (VNIS) to study the thermal radiation characteristics, obtained the thermal radiation characteristics of the moon on the micro-scale, and performed thermal correction of the spectrum, and related results were published….. In Geophysical Research Letters…

Researcher Wu Yunzhao first discovered the existence of thermal radiation in the spectral data of Chang’e-3 (Wu and Hapke, 2018). The first-month diurnal spectrum data of Chang’e-4 confirmed the discovery, and the tenth day fixed-point measurement provided more observational support. Figure 1 shows that after 2 μm, the spectral uplift gradually strengthens as the sun rises, and gradually decreases as the sun sinks. On the one hand, this discovery helps to interpret spectral data correctly, and on the other hand, it expands the application of spectrometers, not only for studying minerals, but also for studying the thermal radiation of the moon. This study shows that even in the 2 μm and mid-latitude mineral inversion studies, thermal correction is required….

Even in the pure thermal radiation region, the solution of temperature and emissivity is an under-determined equation, while the mid-infrared has both reflection and thermal emission, and temperature solution is more complicated. The study found that, in addition to the material composition, the heat radiation characteristics are significantly affected by the micro-scale roughness (Figure 2). In addition to the phase angle, the influence of the relative azimuth angle between the observation and the incident is very obvious (Figure 3). The two-way roughness slope of the micro-scale topography of the Chang’e-4 lunar soil is 22°-24°.

In the past, the research on the temperature characteristics of the lunar surface was mainly based on macro-satellite remote sensing data, and the wavelength was in the thermal infrared band. This research carried out for the first time the micro-scale and short-wave thermal radiation characteristics of lunar soil, which is of great significance for mid-infrared research. The spectrum used in this study has the superposition of solar reflection and the moon’s own thermal radiation. There are great difficulties in spectral analysis and application, and it is a spectral region that has relatively little research. The mid-infrared spectrum is very useful. Water, OH, organic matter, and minerals have discriminative spectral characteristics in the mid-infrared, and they are the key spectrum for detecting extraterrestrial life substances…

Scientific achievements come from: Researcher Wu Yunzhao’s team at Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences

嫦娥四号进入第26月夜，研究成果揭示月球微尺度热辐射特性

​​     嫦娥四号着陆器和“玉兔二号”月球车分别于1月20日21时10分和14时06分完成第26月昼工作，按地面指令完成设置，进入月夜休眠。截至目前，嫦娥四号着陆器和“玉兔二号”月球车已在月面工作749个地球日，累计行驶里程628.47米。

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     科研团队根据嫦娥四号任务获取的第一手数据，持续取得科学成果。中国科学院紫金山天文台吴昀昭研究员团队另辟蹊径，将可见光近红外光谱仪（VNIS）用于热辐射特性研究，获得了月球在微尺度上的热辐射特性，并对光谱进行了热校正，相关成果发表在Geophysical Research Letters。

    吴昀昭研究员首次在嫦娥三号光谱数据发现有热辐射存在（Wu and Hapke, 2018）。嫦娥四号第一月昼光谱数据证实了该发现，第十月昼定点测量给出了更多的观测支持。图1可见，2μm后光谱抬升随着太阳升高而逐渐加强，随着太阳下沉而逐渐降低。该发现一方面有助于正确解译光谱数据，另一方面拓展了光谱仪应用，不仅可用于研究矿物，还可用于研究月球的热辐射。该研究表明即便在2 μm且中纬度地区的矿物反演研究也需要进行热校正。

     即便纯热辐射区，温度与发射率的求解也是欠定方程，而中红外既存在反射又存在热发射，温度求解更为复杂。研究发现，除了物质成分外，热辐射特性受微尺度粗糙度显著影响（图2）。除了相角，观测与入射相对方位角的影响非常明显（图3）。获得了嫦娥四号月壤微尺度地形双向粗糙度斜率为22° – 24°。

过去对月表温度特性的研究主要是宏观卫星遥感数据，波长上是热红外波段。本研究首次开展了微观尺度和短波方面的月壤热辐射特性研究，对于中红外研究具有重要意义。本次研究所用谱段存在太阳反射与月球自身热辐射叠加，光谱解析及应用存在较大困难，是研究相对较少的光谱区。而中红外谱段非常有用，水、OH、有机质、矿物在中红外有判断性光谱特征，是探测地外生命物质的关键谱段。

科学成果来自：中国科学院紫金山天文台吴昀昭研究员团队

Images and visuals are from Weibo CNSA –China National Space Administration –CLEP- China Luna Exploration Program..

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEPS #January2021 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 making another Luna adventuring more than 600 Meters #LunaExploration Summary of 736-day scientific achievements milestone …..

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As of 7th January 2021 Thursday, The CNSA –China National Space Administration Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 successfully awakened and entered the 26th day of the work period….Waking up  Chang’e 4 awakened smoothly and entered the 26th day of work….. With a new round of dawn on the back of the moon, Chang’e 4 ushered in the 26th day of the month, and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover at 10 o’clock on January 7 waking up at 29 minutes, the lander woken up at 03:13 on January 8. As of today, Chang’e-4 has been in operation for 736 Earth days, continuing to refresh the record of human probes working on the back of the moon.

During the day of this month, the lunar rover will continue to travel towards the basalt distribution area or the impact crater area with high reflectivity (approximately 27m from the current detection point, and there is a degenerated impact crater with a diameter of approximately 160m in the south of the crater), both of which are located in the northwest direction of the current detection point.

With a new round of dawn on the back of the moon, Chang’e 4 ushered in the 26th day of the month. The “Yutu 2” lunar rover awakened at 10:29 on January 7 and the lander at 03:13 on January 8 wake. As of today, Chang’e-4 has been in operation for 736 Earth days, continuing to refresh the record of human probes working on the back of the moon.

During the day of this month, the lunar rover will continue to travel towards the basalt distribution area or the impact crater area with high reflectivity (approximately 27m from the current detection point, and there is a degenerated impact crater with a diameter of approximately 160m in the south of the crater), both of which are located in the northwest direction of the current detection point.

The following exploration activities are planned during the day of this month:

(1) It is preferable to take a panoramic camera ring shot near noon of the moon.

(2) Detection and calibration of infrared imaging spectrometer.

(3) The neutral atom detector is turned on for detection.

(4) Synchronous detection of lunar radar during driving. The scientific research team will continue to conduct scientific analysis on the acquired detection data, and relevant results will be released in time.

 

Previously……. As of 22 December 2020, The CNSA –China National Space Administration Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission The “Yutu-2” lunar rover has a mileage exceeding 600 meters, completing the 25th day of work….The Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover completed the 25th day of the month at 5 o’clock on December 22 and 19:22 on the 21st, respectively. The moon night mode setting was completed according to ground instructions and entered moon night sleep. As of today, the Chang’e-4 lander and the “Yutu-2” lunar rover have been working on the moon for 719 days, and the lunar rover has travelled 600.55 meters in total……

Researchers conduct research and analysis on the detection data obtained in 25 months, and continue to produce scientific results. A recent scientific achievement published in the internationally authoritative academic journal Astrophysical Journal Letters (Xu et al 2020) shows that the lunar neutron and radiation dosimeter mounted on the Chang’e-4 lander detected a solar high-energy particle event on the back of the moon (SEP). This is the first time that a human probe has detected SEP on the surface of the moon, verifying the performance of the instrument, and also made a detailed analysis of the acceleration mechanism and the acceleration source area of the SEP.

Previous observations made by Chang’e-4 indicate that the radiation intensity on the surface of the moon is about 100 times that of the earth (Zhang et al. 2020, Space. Adv.). Since the moon does not have the same atmosphere and magnetic field as the earth, the Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) can easily reach the surface of the moon. Such high-intensity background radiation can cause damage to astronauts working on the surface of the moon. In addition, when solar activity erupts, the solar high-energy particle event will cause the particle flux to increase by thousands of times, and the space radiation will also be greatly enhanced. Therefore, the observation of the arrival of high-energy particles of the sun on the moon is particularly important.

In 2019, the sun is in a very small year, no sunspots have appeared for a long time, and the chance of observing solar high-energy particle events is even smaller. Chang’e-4 captured such an event. The study found that both electrons and protons exhibit good velocity dispersion. By linearly fitting the data points, it is possible to deduce the release time of particles from the acceleration zone and the distance the particles travel in interplanetary space before reaching the moon.

In addition, the proton energy spectrum of this SEP event was further analysed, including the GCR background energy spectrum and the background subtracted energy spectrum. According to the energy spectrum with the background subtracted, the dashed power law spectrum is used to fit it, and it is found that the energy inflection point is about 2.5MeV….

Images and visuals are from Weibo CNSA –China National Space Administration –CLEP- China Luna Exploration Program..

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEPS #November2020 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 making another Luna trekking 520 Meters more #LunaExploration Summary of 677-day scientific achievements milestone …..

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As of 10 November 2020, The CNSA –China National Space Administration Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission CLEP on the One Hundred Kilometer diameter Von Karman Crater    Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover the Chang’e-4 lander and the “Yutu-2” lunar rover have completed 21-month scientific exploration on the back of the moon. They broke through 677 Earth  Days On the far back of the moon, the Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover ended their moon night dormancy at 3:12 on November 10 and 10:17 on November 9 respectively. They were awakened by light and ushered in the first 24 days. Up to now, Chang’e-4 has successfully operated for 677 Earth days.

Based on the data of the panoramic camera spliced images and DOM images of the detection point, the “Yutu-2” lunar rover will continue to drive northwest during the 24th day of the month, targeting the basalt direction or the impact crater area with high reflectivity. Near the noon of the moon, the “Yutu-2” lunar rover plans to take at least one panoramic camera ring shot, and the infrared imaging spectrometer, neutral atom detector, and lunar radar will carry out simultaneous detection.

Go to the nearest impact crater with brighter reflectivity (purple circled area), the red circle is the location of the rock block

  As the “Yutu-2” lunar rover continues to move northwest, scientists from the core team of Chang’e-4 use the first-hand data returned to continue to produce scientific results. The scientific team recently published an article in the SCI journal “Science China Information Sciences” and pointed out that the impact during the formation of the Antarctic-Aitken Basin is likely to penetrate the lunar crust and impact deep lunar material.

Since the remote sensing observation of the back of the moon by orbiting satellites, a large number of studies have revealed the existence of mafic anomalies at the bottom of the Antarctic-Aitken Basin, which also have different chemical properties compared to returned samples and lunar meteorites. Chang’e-4 probed the sputter layer at the bottom of the impact crater in the Antarctic-Aitken Basin and found that the characteristics of mafic minerals in this area are similar to remote sensing data.

Research data shows that the mafic minerals in the rocks and lunar soil in the Chang’e 4 landing area are dominated by clinopyroxene, which has the same composition as the rapidly cooling magma system. It is believed that the material in the landing zone of Chang’e 4 mainly comes from the recrystallization of the impact melt. The patrol and detection of “Yutu-2” in this area provided a scientific basis for in-depth understanding of the cause of the mafic anomaly at the bottom of the Antarctic-Aitken Basin….

在遥远的月球背面，嫦娥四号着陆器和“玉兔二号”月球车分别于11月10日3时12分和11月9日10时17分结束月夜休眠，受光照自主唤醒，迎来第24月昼。截至目前，嫦娥四号已顺利工作677个地球日。​

基于探测点全景相机拼接影像、DOM影像等数据情况，“玉兔二号”月球车将在第24月昼期间继续向西北方向行驶，目标为玄武岩方向或反射率较高的撞击坑区域。在接近月午时，“玉兔二号”月球车计划进行至少1次全景相机环拍，红外成像光谱仪、中性原子探测仪、测月雷达开展同步探测。

 随着“玉兔二号”月球车向西北方向不断前行，嫦娥四号核心团队科学家利用传回的第一手数据，持续产出科学成果。科学团队近期发表在SCI期刊《Science China Information Sciences》上的一篇文章中指出：南极–艾特肯盆地形成时的撞击很可能穿透月壳，撞击出月球深部物质。

自轨道卫星实现对月球背面的遥感观测以来，大量研究揭示南极-艾特肯盆地底部存在镁铁质异常，相比返回样品以及月球陨石，也有着不同的化学特性。嫦娥四号通过对南极-艾特肯盆地撞击坑底部溅射物层的探测，发现该区域镁铁质矿物特征与遥感数据相似。

研究数据显示，嫦娥四号着陆区的石块及月壤中镁铁质矿物以单斜辉石为主，这种辉石成分与快速冷却的岩浆系统一致。研究认为嫦娥四号着陆区物质主要来自撞击熔融体的重结晶。“玉兔二号”在这一区域的巡视探测为深入认识南极-艾特肯盆地底部镁铁质异常区的成因提供了科学依据。​​​​

One Mare crisium featured with times frozen Luna mantle layering features..

Images and visuals are from Weibo CNSA –China National Space Administration –CLEP- China Luna Exploration Program..

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEPS #August2020 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 making another Luna trekking 520 Meters more #LunaExploration Summary of 600-day scientific achievements milestone …..

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As of 26 August 2020, The CNSA –China National Space Administration Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission on the One Hundred Kilometre diameter Von Karman Crater    Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover the Chang’e-4 lander and the “Yutu-2” lunar rover have completed 21-month scientific exploration on the back of the moon. They broke through 600 days on August 25 and the rover travelled 519.29 meters. The scientific research team uses the data returned by the scientific payload to carry out a large number of studies and obtain many scientific results.

  1. Research on the morphology and mineral composition of the inspection area on the back of the moon. Using the visible and near-infrared spectrometer, panoramic camera and lunar radar data carried by the “Yutu-2” lunar rover, analyse the spectrum, rock distribution, and shallow structure of the landing area to obtain the morphology of the landing area and the composition of the material and minerals. , Source and characteristics of scientific conclusions. It is the first time to directly obtain the composition of the deep lunar material through in-situ exploration, revealing the complex impact history of the back of the moon, especially the Aitken Basin in Antarctica, providing key evidence for the formation and evolution of the lunar soil, and selecting sites for future Antarctic landings and inspections. Provide important reference.

  1. Research on the superficial structure of the moon’s surface in the inspection area on the back of the moon. Based on the lunar measuring radar and camera data of the Chang’e-4 lander and other multi-source data, research and establish the relationship between the formation profile of the Chang’e-4 landing area and the multi-phase sputter coverage. The accumulated thickness of the sputters in the landing area is about 70 meters, and the surface is the spatter of the Finsen impact crater; within the depth of the inspection area of ​​40 meters, there are 3 different stratigraphic units, including the fine-grained lunar soil layer within 12 meters, 12 24 meters of gravel layer and 24 meters to 40 meters of sputter deposition and weathering product layer. These results reveal for the first time the mystery of the underground structure on the back of the moon, greatly improving our understanding of the history of lunar impact and volcanic activity, and bringing new enlightenment to the study of geological evolution on the back of the moon.

  1. Lunar surface neutron and radiation dose, neutral atom research. Using the detection data of the Lunar Surface Neutron and Radiation Dose Detector and the Neutral Atom Detector of the Chang’e-4 lander, the environmental spectrum of high-energy particles on the lunar surface, the energy spectrum structure and albedo of the neutral atom on the lunar surface are obtained. The neutron radiation dose rate on the moon surface is 1-2 times higher than that inside the space station, and the radiation dose equivalent is about 1 times higher. It is confirmed that the primary galactic cosmic rays hit the surface of the moon, producing albedo protons (first discovered on the US Lunar Orbiter, this time it was verified on the moon surface). These results provide important support for conducting research on the microscopic interaction between the solar wind and the lunar surface, promote the understanding of lunar surface radiation risks, and provide an important reference for future lunar astronauts’ lunar surface radiation hazards estimation and radiation protection design.

  1. Moon-based low-frequency radio astronomy observation and research. Using the low-frequency radio spectrometer on the Chang’e-4 lander platform, the first successful low-frequency radio astronomical observation on the back of the moon was carried out, and a large amount of effective observation data was obtained. The preliminary acquisition of the electromagnetic environment background frequency spectrum and low-frequency radio three-component time-varying waveform data of the lunar landing zone below the frequency of 40MHz has important scientific significance for the study of solar low-frequency radio characteristics and the low-frequency radio environment of the moon surface.

​​​截至今天，嫦娥四号着陆器和“玉兔二号”月球车在月球背面共完成21个月昼工作期的科学探索，在8月25日突破600天，月球车累积行驶519.29米。科研团队利用科学载荷传回的数据，开展大量研究，取得诸多科学成果。

1.月球背面巡视区形貌和矿物组份研究。利用“玉兔二号”月球车搭载的可见和近红外光谱仪、全景相机及测月雷达等数据，对着陆区光谱、石块分布、浅层结构等进行分析，获得着陆区形貌，物质矿物组成、来源及特性等科学结论。首次通过原位探测直接得到月球深部物质组成，揭示月球背面，特别是南极艾特肯盆地复杂的撞击历史，对月壤的形成与演化模型提供关键证据，为日后南极着陆和巡视探测选址等提供重要参考。

2.月球背面巡视区月表浅层结构研究。根据嫦娥四号着陆器测月雷达和相机数据以及其他多源数据，研究建立嫦娥四号着陆区地层剖面及多期次溅射物覆盖关系。着陆区溅射物累加厚度约70米，表面为芬森撞击坑溅射物；在巡视区深度40米范围内，存在3种不同地层单元，包括12米范围内的细粒月壤层、12米-24米的碎石层和24米-40米的溅射物沉积和风化产物层。这些结果首次揭开月球背面地下结构的神秘面纱，极大地提高我们对月球撞击和火山活动历史的理解，为月球背面地质演化研究带来新的启示。

3.月面中子及辐射剂量、中性原子研究。利用嫦娥四号着陆器月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪和中性原子探测仪探测数据，获得月表高能粒子辐射环境谱、月表中性原子能谱结构和反照率。月表中子辐射剂量率比空间站内部高1-2倍，辐射剂量当量高1倍左右。证实初级银河宇宙射线撞击月球表面，产生反照质子（最早在美国环月轨道器上被发现，此次在月表得到了实地验证）。这些成果为开展太阳风与月表微观相互作用研究提供重要支撑，促进对月表辐射风险的认知，为未来月球航天员所受月表辐射危害估算及辐射防护设计提供重要参考。

4.月基低频射电天文观测与研究。利用嫦娥四号着陆器平台的低频射电频谱仪，在月球背面首次成功开展低频射电天文观测，获得大量有效观测数据。初步获取40MHz频率以下的月背着陆区电磁环境本底频谱和低频射电三分量

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#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 | #BeltAndRoadinitiative #July2020| #酒泉卫星发射中心; #JiuquanSatellitelaunchCenter – Launching the iconic #LongMarch2D #ChangZheng2D Carrier Rocket deploying the Shiyan6 #Satellite for Space Research….

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On Sunday 5th July 2020 launching from one of many CNSA –China National Space Administration Launch complexes is the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 0744 morning Beijing time  in which it was launched on by the iconic Long March 2D –Chang Zheng 2D Carrier Rocket…

The Long March 2D –Chang Zheng 2D Carrier Rocket series is manufactured by SAST-Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology in which it comes under the CAST- China Science and Technology Corporation…..

Launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center – located in the Dongfeng Aerospace City, Gobi Desert Inner Mongolia, China- People’s Republic of China… launching from the forty one meter carrier rocket is the Shiyan Six Satellite in which its provisionments are for the studies of the space environment exploration and related technical experiments…  in which this marks the forty ninth mission for the Long March 2D-Chang Zheng Carrier Rocket also the 338th of the Long March Carrier Rocket series..

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