Tag: Lunar lander Module

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #January2022 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 Lunar adventuring- the latest scientific achievements of the Chang’e-4 neutral atom detector… #AstrophysicalJournalLetters…

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As of Month of January  2022, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than 1003.9 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna…. At the moment it’s resting till the next set of adventuring parameters is need..

As of the latest of the Change 4 lunar lander still constant working while Yutu 2 the lunar Rover takes a break after visiting it’ creative lunar rock art forming a Jade Rabbit snacking on lunar Carrot.  The latest scientific achievements of the Chang’e-4 neutral atom detector嫦娥四号中性原子探测仪最新科学成果……

​​As we all know, the earth has a strong global magnetic field. When the solar wind “invades” the earth, a huge protective umbrella, the magnetosphere, will form around the earth, blocking most of the solar wind. Due to the lack of this global magnetic field and dense atmosphere on the moon, the lunar surface is directly exposed to the deep space, and the solar wind and the earth’s wind can directly bombard the lunar surface, producing various effects. The current data from China’s Chang’e, Japan’s Moon Goddess, India’s Chandrayaan-1, and the US Interstellar Boundary Probe show that about 0.1-1% of the solar wind protons in the general area will be scattered by the lunar surface, and 10-20% of the solar wind protons will be scattered with the lunar surface. After the action, it is converted into energy neutral atoms, and most of the remaining will be injected into the lunar soil to produce lunar water. Although the moon does not have a global magnetic field, there are many magnetic anomaly areas scattered on the lunar surface, and the magnetic field strength on the lunar surface is about several hundred nT. It can block part of the solar wind from bombarding the lunar surface, and the reflectivity of solar wind protons increases significantly in large-scale magnetic anomalies. Detecting energy-neutral atoms can reveal the microphysical mechanisms of the interactions between the solar wind, the Earth’s wind and the lunar surface, revealing small-scale features.

Fig. 1 Chang’e-4 landed on the Von Karman crater in the South Pole-Aiken Basin on the far side of the moon. The yellow area is the magnetic anomaly, and the red arrow represents the direction of the solar wind bombarding the lunar surface on the dark side.


On January 3, 2019, Chang’e-4 landed on the Von Karman impact crater in the South Pole-Aiken Basin on the far side of the moon, and the Neutral Atom Detector (ASAN) on the Yutu-2 lunar rover was energy neutral to the lunar surface for the first time on the far side of the moon. Atoms (ENA) make observations. Based on the analysis of the ENA energy spectrum obtained by ASAN from January 11, 2019 to October 12, 2020, the study found that in most lunar days, the ENA differential flux on the morning side is higher than that on the dusk side; The analysis of the observation data of the Atom Detector and the ARTEMIS satellite during the same period found that the differential flux of ENA in different energy ranges on the morning side and the dusk side is positively correlated with the solar wind state parameters such as flux, density and dynamic pressure. This is the first time to calculate the electrostatic potential above the magnetic anomaly using the observation data of neutral atoms on the lunar surface, updating the understanding of the interaction between particles and the magnetic anomaly. The results have extensive reference value for the study of solar wind, terrestrial wind and celestial bodies without atmosphere and global magnetic field (such as asteroids or comets).
 

Fig. 2 The electric field of charge polarization caused by the motion of protons and electrons, the electric field direction is upward. 
The deceleration of solar wind protons is associated with magnetic anomalies.

       The research results were published in Astrophysical Journal Letters, an authoritative magazine in the industry. The first author of the paper is Wang Huizi, a doctoral student in the Interaction Group of the Magnetosphere and the Solar Wind at Shandong University. Zhang Jiang from the Planetary Science Research Group, and the co-authors of the paper are from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Peking University, Space Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Earth Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc.

​​众所周知，地球有着强大的全球磁场，太阳风“入侵”地球时，地球周围会形成一个巨大的保护伞——磁层，阻挡了绝大部分太阳风。而月球由于缺少这种全球磁场和浓密大气，月球表面直接暴露于深空中，太阳风、地球风可以直接轰击月表，产生各种各样的效应。目前来自中国嫦娥、日本月亮女神、印度月船一号以及美国星际边界探测器的数据表明，一般区域大约0.1-1%的太阳风质子会被月表散射，10-20%的太阳风质子与月表作用后转化成能量中性原子，剩下大部分会注入月壤产生月球水。虽然月球没有全球磁场，但在月表散落着多个磁场异常区，在月表磁场强度约几百nT，当太阳风与磁异常相互作用时，也会形成一个小保护伞——微磁层，也可以阻挡一部分太阳风轰击月表，太阳风质子的反射率在大尺度磁异常区明显增加。探测能量中性原子可以揭示太阳风、地球风与月表相互作用的微观物理机制，揭示其中的小尺度特征。

2019年1月3日，嫦娥四号着陆在月球背面南极-艾肯盆地冯•卡门撞击坑，玉兔二号月球车上的中性原子探测仪（ASAN）首次在月球背面对月表能量中性原子（ENA）开展观测。该研究在分析2019年1月11日至2020年10月12日ASAN获取的ENA能谱的基础上，发现大多数月昼中，晨侧ENA微分通量高于昏侧；结合嫦娥四号中性原子探测仪和ARTEMIS卫星同期的观测数据分析发现，晨侧和昏侧不同能量范围的ENA微分通量与太阳风状态参数如通量、密度及动压呈正相关关系。这是首次利用月表中性原子观测数据计算磁异常上方的静电势，更新了粒子与磁异常相互作用的认识。该成果对研究太阳风、地球风与无大气无全球磁场的天体（如小行星或彗星）具有广泛的参考价值。

       该研究成果发表于业内权威杂志Astrophysical Journal Letters，该论文的第一作者是山东大学磁层与太阳风相互作用课题组博士生王慧姿，通讯作者为山东大学磁层与太阳风相互作用课题组长史全岐教授和行星科学课题组张江老师，论文的合作者来自于日本宇宙航空研究开发机构、北京大学、中科院空间中心、中科院地球所等。

Materials provided by: Wang Huizi素材提供：王慧姿

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEP #January2022 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 Lunar adventuring #LunaExploration 1003 Meters that #MysteriousHut appears to be Life like #JadeRabbit …

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impact craters and “mystery house”

As of Month of January  2022, The CNSA –China National Space Administration CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program  Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than 1003.9 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna….

In which the cumulative mileage of the Yutu-2 lunar rover exceeded the 1,000-meter mark, revealing the mystery of the “mysterious cabin”] On December 27, 2021, Yutu-2 will wake up and usher in the 38th day of work, and the goal is still to continue heading north . First, the stride Meteor moved three times, 7 meters, 9 meters, and 10 meters. The larger the stride, the total mileage reached 992.3 meters. At this time, there is only about 10 meters left from the “Mystery Cabin”. The mystery of the “hut” was lifted, and the drivers immediately arranged for a panoramic camera to perform color imaging, finally revealing its true appearance!

impact craters and “mystery house”


The “Mysterious Cabin” is like a lifelike rabbit, the scattered stones in front of the “Jade Rabbit” are like a carrot, and the round stone beads behind the “Jade Rabbit” are like the products of the “Jade Rabbit” after a meal. The scene in front of us is like a rabbit about to eat, and the picture is full of fun.

“rabbit” see “rabbit”


At noon on January 6, 2022, the pilots of Yutu No. 2 started the task of the day and afternoon of this month, but everyone worked tirelessly for more than ten hours. Near midnight, the cumulative mileage of Yutu finally broke through the 1,000-meter mark, reaching 1,003.9 meters!
The upcoming January 11, 2022 will be the third anniversary of the Chang’e-4 lander and Yutu-2 completing the mutual shooting of the two vehicles and the complete success of the mission. The latest mileage record is undoubtedly the longest nice gift.

“rabbit” see “rabbit”

Over the past three years, under the precise control of flight controllers, the Chang’e-4 lander, rover, and relay star have completed one arduous task after another, constantly breaking their own records on the way to the back of the moon, and continuing to explore the mysteries of the back of the moon. .
In the next day of the month, Yutu-2 will detect the target rock at close range and perceive the large impact crater behind it. We expect Yutu-2 to make more scientific discoveries.

Images and visuals are from CNSA- China National Space Administration also from there respectives…

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #January2021| #CCTV9 #ChinaCentralRadioandTelevision #CLEP #ChinaLunarExplorationProgram The Chinese lunar exploration project series documentary “Our Journey” broadcasting on  24th December 2021 collection..

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中国空间站 On currently on 24th to 26th  December 2021 Christmas eve, CNSA –China National Space Administration  in collaboration with CCTV9 China Central Radio and Television will telecast  “Our Journey” is the first panoramic documentary produced by China National Space Administration and China Central Radio and Television in 4 years to show the complete course of China’s lunar exploration project in 17 years . It is a documentary. Documentary works with international vision, international expression, and international standards are excellent works that tell Chinese stories, spread space culture, and popularize space knowledge

The documentary consists of three episodes, each of 50 minutes, which truly presents the development of China’s lunar exploration project over the past 17 years, which has been through ups and downs, and left a tortuous but full history. This imprint records not only a huge and complicated super project, but also a testimony to the rapid growth of China’s aerospace industry and the common progress of the Chinese nation. The film fully and vividly interprets the spirit of lunar exploration of “chasing dreams, exploring courageously, coordinating fortifications, and win-win cooperation” , promotes the spiritual pedigree of the Chinese Communists , and conveys the spiritual power that China’s scientific and technological development and progress rely on.

 Through character interviews, important development scenarios, and the combined application of various methods such as related materials, the film outlines the continuous and staggered cooperation and support between the various development units of the major systems, and demonstrates the Chinese people’s fearlessness in scientific exploration. Pursuit, as well as the admirable courage and wisdom devoted to this journey full of risks and challenges.

“Our journey” documentary will be held December 24 – the 26th in the Central Radio and Television CCTV-9 record channel 20:00 prime time heavy launch a new media center video, CCTV and other platforms will also be broadcast simultaneously.

Images and visuals are from their respectives.

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #December2021| #CCTV9 #ChinaCentralRadioandTelevision #CLEP #ChinaLunarExplorationProgram The Chinese lunar exploration project series documentary “Our Journey” will be broadcast 24th December 2021 that’s tomorrow!

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中国空间站 On currently on 24th to 26th December 2021 Christmas eve, CNSA –China National Space Administration  in collaboration with CCTV9 China Central Radio and Television will telecast  “Our Journey” is the first panoramic documentary produced by China National Space Administration and China Central Radio and Television in 4 years to show the complete course of China’s lunar exploration project in 17 years . It is a documentary . Documentary works with international vision, international expression, and international standards are excellent works that tell Chinese stories, spread space culture, and popularize space knowledge

The documentary consists of three episodes, each of 50 minutes, which truly presents the development of China’s lunar exploration project over the past 17 years, which has been through ups and downs, and left a tortuous but full history. This imprint records not only a huge and complicated super project, but also a testimony to the rapid growth of China’s aerospace industry and the common progress of the Chinese nation. The film fully and vividly interprets the spirit of lunar exploration of “chasing dreams, exploring courageously, coordinating fortifications, and win-win cooperation” , promotes the spiritual pedigree of the Chinese Communists , and conveys the spiritual power that China’s scientific and technological development and progress rely on.

 Through character interviews, important development scenarios, and the combined application of various methods such as related materials, the film outlines the continuous and staggered cooperation and support between the various development units of the major systems, and demonstrates the Chinese people’s fearlessness in scientific exploration. Pursuit, as well as the admirable courage and wisdom devoted to this journey full of risks and challenges.

“Our journey” documentary will be held December 24 – the 26th in the Central Radio and Television CCTV-9 record channel 20:00 prime time heavy launch a new media center video, CCTV and other platforms will also be broadcast simultaneously.

Images and visuals are from their respectives.

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #December2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review The third anniversary of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission series-space rods#ChangZheng5 …..

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One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

​​At 23:10 on December 3, 2020, the Chang’e-5 ascender carried a lunar sample to take off from the lunar surface. About 6 minutes later, it entered an elliptical orbit around the moon. At 2:13 on December 6, the ascender accurately reached the scheduled “handover” position 50 kilometers in front of the orbit-return assembly and about 10 kilometers above it. At 5:42, the ascender and the orbit-returning assembly completed the rendezvous and docking. At 6 o’clock, the sample packaging container was transferred from the ascender to the returner. This process of autonomous rendezvous and docking and sample transfer is like the handover process in a 100-meter relay race. It is brilliant and highly technical. Using a lunar orbital rendezvous and docking after take-off from the lunar surface, rather than a direct lunar-to-ground transfer after taking off from the lunar surface, this design is conducive to collecting and carrying more samples back to the earth, and for technical accumulation and verification for subsequent missions.

Aspect 1-chase in space

Both the ascender and the orbit-back assembly fly around the moon, but the orbital heights are different. The ascender runs on the outer track at a height of 210 kilometers, and the orbit-back assembly runs on the inner track at a height of 200 kilometers. The distance on the inner track is short, the track-back assembly runs slightly faster, and the ascender on the outer track runs slower. In order to realize the “transfer bar”, the rail-back assembly needs to raise the rail in the height direction and gradually approach the ascender in the front and rear direction. When approaching a certain distance, the orbit-back assembly will autonomously control the engine to change the direction of travel and take a shortcut to catch up with the ascender. During the entire chase process, multiple anchor points are set up, and the orbit-return assembly stops to keep the relative position unchanged, conducts a state inspection, and ensures that the measurement and control conditions meet the requirements during docking.

Picture: Lunar orbital rendezvous and docking flight phase division. (Source: Xu Yang, Ma Lin, Liu Tao, etc. Chang’e 5 Lunar Orbital Rendezvous and Docking Guidance, Navigation and Control System. Science in China: Technological Sciences, 2021, 51: 788–798)

 Aspect 2-“High-precision measurement” + “Know yourself and the enemy”

During the rendezvous and docking process, it is necessary to make the orbit-return assembly and the ascender know the relative position, speed and attitude of each other. For this reason, a variety of sensors for relative measurement are configured to realize relative navigation. When the distance is 100 kilometers, the microwave radar starts to work. It not only provides the relative motion parameters of the two devices according to the traditional radar “call and answer” mode, but also upgrades to the “dialogue exchange” mode, between the orbital assembly and the ascender. Two-way transmission of remote control commands and telemetry parameters. At a distance of 20 kilometers, lidar “comes on the scene” to provide higher-precision measurement information. At about 100 meters, the optical sensor began to show its talents to achieve close distance and attitude measurement. These sensors are relayed to each other over the working distance and covered and connected, so as to ensure that there are at least two different systems of sensors available at any distance, so that the orbit-back assembly can be seen more accurately, the measurement is more precise, and the system is more reliable. 

Aspect 3-precise “handover baton” from 380,000 kilometers away

The weight of the orbit-return assembly is more than 2 tons, but the mass of the ascender is only one-sixth of its mass. If the traditional collision docking is used, it is very easy to cause the ascender to be knocked into flight. For this reason, a claw-type catching and docking mechanism is specially designed. Each pair of claws is like two arms, which are quickly closed within 1 second to form a closed space, and the passive lock handle of the ascender is firmly restrained inside. Can’t escape. It has to be accurate, and the accuracy requirement after docking is better than 0.5 mm, which is like “threading a needle” in space. The use of 3 sets of claw mechanism star-shaped circumferential layout and self-centering design realizes the automatic centering of the two aircraft after docking, and realizes the lightweight design while ensuring high-precision docking.

The design of the transfer mechanism is also very clever. In order to realize the transfer of long-stroke sample containers of more than six hundred millimeters, the designers found inspiration from the inchworm. Based on the principle of movement stroke amplification + relay transfer, they proposed a relay mechanism for imitating the inchworm. The simple circular expansion and contraction movement of the parallel link can realize the continuous movement of the object. The entire transfer process is like the movement of a caterpillar, stretching and shrinking, continuously advancing.

​​2020年12月3日23时10分，嫦娥五号上升器携带月球样品从月面点火起飞，约6分钟后，进入环月椭圆轨道。12月6日2时13分，上升器准确到达轨返组合体前方50公里、上方约10公里的预定“交班”位置。5时42分，上升器与轨返对合体完成交会对接，6时，样品封装容器从上升器转移到返回器中。这个自主交会对接和样品转移过程就好像百米接力赛中的交接棒过程，精彩纷呈，技术含量极高。采用从月面起飞后进行一次月球轨道交会对接，而不是从月面起飞后直接月地转移，这样的设计有利于采集和携带更多样品返回地球，并为后续任务进行技术积累和验证。

看点1——太空中的追逐

上升器和轨返组合体都在环月飞行，但轨道高度不同，上升器在210公里高的外道跑，轨返组合体在200公里高的内道跑。内道路程短，轨返组合体跑得稍快一些，外道的上升器则跑得要慢一点。为了实现“交接棒”，轨返组合体需要在高度方向上抬高轨道，并且在前后方向上逐渐逼近上升器。当接近到一定距离时，轨返组合体会自主控制发动机来改变行进方向，抄近道赶上上升器。整个追逐过程设置多个停泊点，轨返组合体停下来保持相对位置不变，进行状态检查，并确保对接的时候测控条件满足要求。

 看点2——“高精测量”+“知己知彼”

在交会对接过程中，需要让轨返组合体和上升器清楚彼此的相对位置、速度和姿态，为此配置了多种进行相对测量的敏感器，用来实现相对导航。在相距100公里的时候，微波雷达开始工作，既按照传统雷达的“点名答到”模式提供两器的相对运动参数，还升级到“对话交流”模式，在轨返组合体和上升器之间双向传输遥控指令和遥测参数。在相距20公里的时候，激光雷达“登场”，提供更高精度的测量信息。而到了100米左右，光学敏感器开始大显身手，实现近距离的距离和姿态测量。这些敏感器在作用距离上彼此接力又有覆盖衔接，从而确保在任意距离上至少有两种不同体制的敏感器可用，使得轨返组合体看得更准，测得更精，系统更加可靠。 

看点3——38万公里之外的精准“交接棒”

轨返组合体重达2吨多，上升器质量却只有它的六分之一，如果采用传统的碰撞式对接，极易导致上升器被撞飞。为此，专门设计了抱爪式抓捕对接机构，每对抱爪犹如两只手臂，在1秒内快速合拢形成闭合空间，将位于上升器的被动锁柄牢牢地约束在内部，再也无法逃脱。对得上还得对得准，对接后的精度要求优于0.5毫米，好比在太空“穿针引线”。采用3套抱爪机构星型周向布局、自定心设计，实现了两飞行器对接后的自动对准中心，在保证高精度对接的同时实现了轻量化设计。

转移机构的设计也很巧妙。为了实现六百多毫米的长行程样品容器转移，设计师们从尺蠖的身上找到了灵感，基于运动行程放大+接力转移的原理，提出了一种仿尺蠖大展收接力式机构，通过多级并联连杆的简单循环展收运动，就可以实现物体的连续移动。整个转移过程如同毛毛虫的运动，一伸一缩、不断前进。

作者：王琼  胡震宇 于丹 戚铁磊​​​​

Images and visuals are from Weibo and their respectives…. Of CNSA China National Space Administration …