Tag: 嫦娥五号

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #December2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review The third anniversary of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission series-space rods#ChangZheng5 …..

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One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

​​At 23:10 on December 3, 2020, the Chang’e-5 ascender carried a lunar sample to take off from the lunar surface. About 6 minutes later, it entered an elliptical orbit around the moon. At 2:13 on December 6, the ascender accurately reached the scheduled “handover” position 50 kilometers in front of the orbit-return assembly and about 10 kilometers above it. At 5:42, the ascender and the orbit-returning assembly completed the rendezvous and docking. At 6 o’clock, the sample packaging container was transferred from the ascender to the returner. This process of autonomous rendezvous and docking and sample transfer is like the handover process in a 100-meter relay race. It is brilliant and highly technical. Using a lunar orbital rendezvous and docking after take-off from the lunar surface, rather than a direct lunar-to-ground transfer after taking off from the lunar surface, this design is conducive to collecting and carrying more samples back to the earth, and for technical accumulation and verification for subsequent missions.

Aspect 1-chase in space

Both the ascender and the orbit-back assembly fly around the moon, but the orbital heights are different. The ascender runs on the outer track at a height of 210 kilometers, and the orbit-back assembly runs on the inner track at a height of 200 kilometers. The distance on the inner track is short, the track-back assembly runs slightly faster, and the ascender on the outer track runs slower. In order to realize the “transfer bar”, the rail-back assembly needs to raise the rail in the height direction and gradually approach the ascender in the front and rear direction. When approaching a certain distance, the orbit-back assembly will autonomously control the engine to change the direction of travel and take a shortcut to catch up with the ascender. During the entire chase process, multiple anchor points are set up, and the orbit-return assembly stops to keep the relative position unchanged, conducts a state inspection, and ensures that the measurement and control conditions meet the requirements during docking.

Picture: Lunar orbital rendezvous and docking flight phase division. (Source: Xu Yang, Ma Lin, Liu Tao, etc. Chang’e 5 Lunar Orbital Rendezvous and Docking Guidance, Navigation and Control System. Science in China: Technological Sciences, 2021, 51: 788–798)

 Aspect 2-“High-precision measurement” + “Know yourself and the enemy”

During the rendezvous and docking process, it is necessary to make the orbit-return assembly and the ascender know the relative position, speed and attitude of each other. For this reason, a variety of sensors for relative measurement are configured to realize relative navigation. When the distance is 100 kilometers, the microwave radar starts to work. It not only provides the relative motion parameters of the two devices according to the traditional radar “call and answer” mode, but also upgrades to the “dialogue exchange” mode, between the orbital assembly and the ascender. Two-way transmission of remote control commands and telemetry parameters. At a distance of 20 kilometers, lidar “comes on the scene” to provide higher-precision measurement information. At about 100 meters, the optical sensor began to show its talents to achieve close distance and attitude measurement. These sensors are relayed to each other over the working distance and covered and connected, so as to ensure that there are at least two different systems of sensors available at any distance, so that the orbit-back assembly can be seen more accurately, the measurement is more precise, and the system is more reliable. 

Aspect 3-precise “handover baton” from 380,000 kilometers away

The weight of the orbit-return assembly is more than 2 tons, but the mass of the ascender is only one-sixth of its mass. If the traditional collision docking is used, it is very easy to cause the ascender to be knocked into flight. For this reason, a claw-type catching and docking mechanism is specially designed. Each pair of claws is like two arms, which are quickly closed within 1 second to form a closed space, and the passive lock handle of the ascender is firmly restrained inside. Can’t escape. It has to be accurate, and the accuracy requirement after docking is better than 0.5 mm, which is like “threading a needle” in space. The use of 3 sets of claw mechanism star-shaped circumferential layout and self-centering design realizes the automatic centering of the two aircraft after docking, and realizes the lightweight design while ensuring high-precision docking.

The design of the transfer mechanism is also very clever. In order to realize the transfer of long-stroke sample containers of more than six hundred millimeters, the designers found inspiration from the inchworm. Based on the principle of movement stroke amplification + relay transfer, they proposed a relay mechanism for imitating the inchworm. The simple circular expansion and contraction movement of the parallel link can realize the continuous movement of the object. The entire transfer process is like the movement of a caterpillar, stretching and shrinking, continuously advancing.

​​2020年12月3日23时10分，嫦娥五号上升器携带月球样品从月面点火起飞，约6分钟后，进入环月椭圆轨道。12月6日2时13分，上升器准确到达轨返组合体前方50公里、上方约10公里的预定“交班”位置。5时42分，上升器与轨返对合体完成交会对接，6时，样品封装容器从上升器转移到返回器中。这个自主交会对接和样品转移过程就好像百米接力赛中的交接棒过程，精彩纷呈，技术含量极高。采用从月面起飞后进行一次月球轨道交会对接，而不是从月面起飞后直接月地转移，这样的设计有利于采集和携带更多样品返回地球，并为后续任务进行技术积累和验证。

看点1——太空中的追逐

上升器和轨返组合体都在环月飞行，但轨道高度不同，上升器在210公里高的外道跑，轨返组合体在200公里高的内道跑。内道路程短，轨返组合体跑得稍快一些，外道的上升器则跑得要慢一点。为了实现“交接棒”，轨返组合体需要在高度方向上抬高轨道，并且在前后方向上逐渐逼近上升器。当接近到一定距离时，轨返组合体会自主控制发动机来改变行进方向，抄近道赶上上升器。整个追逐过程设置多个停泊点，轨返组合体停下来保持相对位置不变，进行状态检查，并确保对接的时候测控条件满足要求。

 看点2——“高精测量”+“知己知彼”

在交会对接过程中，需要让轨返组合体和上升器清楚彼此的相对位置、速度和姿态，为此配置了多种进行相对测量的敏感器，用来实现相对导航。在相距100公里的时候，微波雷达开始工作，既按照传统雷达的“点名答到”模式提供两器的相对运动参数，还升级到“对话交流”模式，在轨返组合体和上升器之间双向传输遥控指令和遥测参数。在相距20公里的时候，激光雷达“登场”，提供更高精度的测量信息。而到了100米左右，光学敏感器开始大显身手，实现近距离的距离和姿态测量。这些敏感器在作用距离上彼此接力又有覆盖衔接，从而确保在任意距离上至少有两种不同体制的敏感器可用，使得轨返组合体看得更准，测得更精，系统更加可靠。 

看点3——38万公里之外的精准“交接棒”

轨返组合体重达2吨多，上升器质量却只有它的六分之一，如果采用传统的碰撞式对接，极易导致上升器被撞飞。为此，专门设计了抱爪式抓捕对接机构，每对抱爪犹如两只手臂，在1秒内快速合拢形成闭合空间，将位于上升器的被动锁柄牢牢地约束在内部，再也无法逃脱。对得上还得对得准，对接后的精度要求优于0.5毫米，好比在太空“穿针引线”。采用3套抱爪机构星型周向布局、自定心设计，实现了两飞行器对接后的自动对准中心，在保证高精度对接的同时实现了轻量化设计。

转移机构的设计也很巧妙。为了实现六百多毫米的长行程样品容器转移，设计师们从尺蠖的身上找到了灵感，基于运动行程放大+接力转移的原理，提出了一种仿尺蠖大展收接力式机构，通过多级并联连杆的简单循环展收运动，就可以实现物体的连续移动。整个转移过程如同毛毛虫的运动，一伸一缩、不断前进。

作者：王琼  胡震宇 于丹 戚铁磊​​​​

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#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #November2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic #LunarMission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Review of the first anniversary of the Chang’e 5 mission-the  #ChangZheng5 #LongMarch5 #CarrierRocket arrow points to the sky …..

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One year ago today 24th November 2020 Now it’s the 24th November 2021 , the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away  in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five  Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface.……  

Highlight 1: Narrow window launch The launch window is the ignition time period for the launch vehicle to meet the needs of the transfer to the moon. Due to the typhoon and strong tropical cyclone in Wenchang area, high-altitude wind, heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and other meteorological conditions are very complicated, it can be imagined. The narrower the window, the greater the risk of launching large cryogenic launch vehicles. There are many factors that determine the launch window, such as the relative position of the launch site and the target point, the safe landing zone of the rocket wreckage, the time of sunlight after the launch probe (satellite) enters orbit, the measurement and control arc, the lunar landing zone, and the lunar take-off time , Re-entry return time, etc. The more the launch constraint conditions, the narrower the launch window. In order to ensure the reliable implementation of the Chang’e-5 mission, it is necessary to solve the design difficulties of the multi-orbit moon launch scheme under the constraints of the range of launch, the safety of the landing zone, the measurement and control of the ascent section, and the rocket taxi time.

Aspect 2: During the two-stage taxiing process of the accurate low-temperature launch vehicle in the landing zone of the rocket, the quality of the propellant will decline with the passage of time, so the longer the taxiing time, the more unfavourable the startup of the low-temperature power system. For this reason, the rocket system has carried out a large number of ground tests, and the three flights of the Long March 5 have fully evaluated and verified the long sliding ability of the model. The rocket area of ​​the Chang’e-5 mission must fly over the Philippine Islands. The booster landing area is located west of the Philippines, the fairing landing area is located east of the Philippines, and the core landing area is located in the Pacific Ocean. Multi-ballistic launching has caused significant horizontal and vertical dispersion in the sub-level wreckage landing area. Therefore, if the mission permits, the range of the shooting direction and dispersion must be minimized to optimize the safety of the landing area. The scientific research team carried out multiple rounds of optimization design for the horizontal and vertical dispersion of the multi-ballistic trajectory to the moon with variable firing direction and variable glide time. In the end, the rocket wreckage landed exactly in the intended sea area. Aspect 3: Multi-trajectory, “moving target shooting”

A key technology in the launch phase of the Chang’e-5 mission is multi-ballistic launch, that is, within 3 consecutive days, there are 5 nominal trajectories with 10 minute intervals between take-offs every day, evenly covering the 50-minute launch window. The purpose of multiple ballistics is to achieve “mobile shooting” with different take-off points and the same destination during the relative movement of the earth and the moon. As long as the launch vehicle ignites within the launch window and sends the probe into a predetermined Earth-Moon transfer orbit, the probe can fly to the near-moon point at exactly the same time, altitude, incident angle, illumination, and measurement and control conditions. Through the detailed orbit design, the outstanding performance of the launch vehicle systems, and the concerted cooperation of various departments, the Chang’e-5 probe was sent into the scheduled orbit with very high accuracy, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent flight missions.

Aspect 3: Multi-trajectory, “moving target shooting” A key technology in the launch phase of the Chang’e-5 mission is multi-ballistic launch, that is, within 3 consecutive days, there are 5 nominal trajectories with 10 minute intervals between take-offs every day, evenly covering the 50-minute launch window. The purpose of multiple ballistics is to achieve “mobile shooting” with different take-off points and the same destination during the relative movement of the earth and the moon. As long as the launch vehicle ignites within the launch window and sends the probe into a predetermined Earth-Moon transfer orbit, the probe can fly to the near-moon point at exactly the same time, altitude, incident angle, illumination, and measurement and control conditions. Through the detailed orbit design, the outstanding performance of the launch vehicle systems, and the concerted cooperation of various departments, the Chang’e-5 probe was sent into the scheduled orbit with very high accuracy, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent flight missions.

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#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #October2021 | #嫦娥五号The #Moon #Change5 probe its Heroic Lunar Mission from #MonsRumker #LunaExploration #Chang’e5 Research lunar samples refreshing Traditional Understanding of Lunar Evolution…

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On October 19th Thursday 2021, the Chinese Academy of Sciences  released the latest research results of the Chang’e-5 lunar scientific research samples. A number of breakthroughs have given a new understanding of the evolution of the moon. The research results of the lunar samples of Chang’e 5 show that magma activity still existed on the moon until 2 billion years ago. The lunar mantle source area of ​​late magma activity is not rich in radioactive heat-generating elements and is very “dry”. This series of research is led by the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Astronomical Observatory, and jointly carried out by a number of research institutions. The related results have formed 4 papers, one published in the “National Science Review”, and published in the international academic journal “Nature” 3 articles.

The duration and geochemical characteristics of the lunar basalt magma are the “keys” for understanding the thermal-chemical evolution of the moon. Previous studies have confirmed that magma activity on the moon lasted at least approximately 2.8 to 3 billion years ago. However, there has been controversy in the scientific community about the exact time when the lunar magma activity ceased. The study found that the lunar sample of Chang’e 5 is a new type of lunar basalt, which is different from the lunar samples collected and returned by the United States and the Soviet Union. Researchers analyzed more than 50 uranium-rich minerals in the basalt cuttings of the Chang’e 5 lunar sample and determined that the basalt formation age was 20.30±0.04 billion years, indicating that there was still magma activity on the moon until 2 billion years ago, which is more than the limit of previous lunar samples. Magma activity has been extended for about 800 million years.

​10月19日，中国科学院发布嫦娥五号月球科研样品最新研究成果，多项突破性进展给出了对月球演化的全新认识。嫦娥五号月球样品研究结果显示，月球直到20亿年前仍存在岩浆活动，晚期岩浆活动的月幔源区并不富含放射性生热元素，而且非常“干”。该系列研究由中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所和国家天文台主导，联合多家研究机构共同开展，相关成果形成4篇论文，在《国家科学评论》发表1篇，在国际学术期刊《自然》发表3篇。

月海玄武岩浆的持续时间和地球化学特征是理解月球热-化学演化的“钥匙”。此前的研究已证实，月球岩浆活动至少持续到大约28亿至30亿年前。但对于月球岩浆活动停止的确切时间，科学界一直存在争议。研究发现，嫦娥五号月球样品为一类新的月海玄武岩，不同于美国和苏联采集返回的月球样品。科研人员对嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩岩屑中50余颗富铀矿物进行分析，确定玄武岩形成年龄为20.30±0.04亿年，表明月球直到20亿年前仍存在岩浆活动，比以往月球样品限定的岩浆活动延长了约8亿年。

The cause of the most recent magmatic activity on the Moon has always been an unsolved mystery. At present, there are two possible explanations in the scientific community: the lunar mantle source is rich in radioactive elements to provide a heat source, or the lunar mantle is rich in water to lower its melting point. The latest study found that the lunar mantle source area of ​​the basalt from the lunar sample of Chang’e 5 is not enriched in “Krip material.” Since the “Krip material” is rich in radioactive heat-generating elements, this result proves that the radioactive heat-generating elements of the lunar mantle are not the main reason for the formation of the basalt of the Chang’e-5 lunar sample. Regarding whether the magma source area is rich in water, the research team measured the water content and hydrogen isotopic composition in the basalt of the Chang’e 5 lunar sample, and found that the water content in the lunar mantle source area was only 1 to 5 micrograms/g, which means that the lunar mantle Very “dry”. This discovery also excludes the hypothesis that the lunar mantle is rich in water and has a low melting point, resulting in an abnormally prolonged duration of magma activity in this area.

月球最晚期岩浆活动的成因一直是未解之谜，目前科学界存在两种可能的解释：月幔源区富含放射性元素以提供热源，或月幔富含水从而降低其熔点。最新研究发现，嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩的月幔源区并不富集“克里普物质”。由于“克里普物质”富含放射性生热元素，这一结果证明月幔放射性生热元素并不是形成嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩的主要原因。对于岩浆源区是否富含水，科研团队测定了嫦娥五号月球样品玄武岩中的水含量和氢同位素组成，发现月幔源区的水含量仅为1至5微克/克，也就是说月幔非常“干”。这一发现也排除了月幔富水而具有低熔点，导致该区域岩浆活动持续时间异常延长的猜想。

Water content and hydrogen isotopic composition of apatite and melt inclusions in the Chang’e-5 basalt sample
Backscattered scanning electron microscope image of apatite and magma inclusions in the Chang’e-5 basalt (a) A complete picture of the basalt cuttings (406-010,023) in the alloy target. The cuttings are mainly composed of olivine (Ol), It is composed of pyroxene (Px), feldspar (Pl) and ilmenite (Ilm), and a small amount of iron olivine (Fa), meteorite (Tro), spinel (Sp), apatite (Apa) and Quartz (Q). 
(B), (c) and (d) are the partial images of the cuttings respectively. 
(B) The figure shows the melt inclusion (MI) surrounded by ilmenite. 
(C) and (d) show that apatite is mainly produced in the intergranular area and is euhedral or semi-automorphic

According to the hypothesis of the origin of the big impact, the original Earth collided with a planetary planet the size of Mars, forming a “disk” composed of high-temperature magma and gas around the earth. When the temperature begins to cool, materials such as silicate first gather to form the moon (Figure 1), and water is a highly volatile material that escapes into space in a gaseous form and is lost. Therefore, the moon born in this way contains almost no water and is a nearly dry planet. The research results of the lunar samples of Chang’e 5 further provided supporting evidence for the origin and evolution of the moon, raised new scientific questions for the study of the lunar thermal evolution history, and proposed new directions for future lunar exploration and research.

We welcome domestic and foreign scientists to join the ranks of the research on these data and samples. At present, research on lunar samples is mainly carried out by domestic scientific research institutions, and foreign scientists have joined the Chinese team to carry out joint research. In the follow-up, we will issue relevant policies, uphold the principles of “equality and mutual benefit, peaceful use, and inclusive development”, expand international exchanges and cooperation, and provide more Chinese wisdom, Chinese solutions, and Chinese power for the peaceful use of space and the promotion of a community with a shared future for mankind.

根据大撞击起源假说，原始地球与一个火星大小的星子碰撞，形成了一个围绕地球的、由高温岩浆和气体组成的“盘”。当温度开始冷却时，硅酸盐等物质首先聚集形成月球（图1），而水属于强挥发的物质，会以气态形式向太空逃逸而丢失。因此，这种方式诞生的月球，几乎不含水，是一个近乎干透了的星球。嫦娥五号月球样品的研究成果进一步为月球起源及演变提供了支撑证据，为月球热演化历史研究提出了新的科学问题，对未来的月球探测和研究提出了新的方向。

我们欢迎国内外科学家加入对这些数据和样品的研究行列。目前，月球样品研究主要由国内科研机构牵头开展，也有国外的科学家加入中国团队开展联合研究。后续，我们将出台相关政策，秉持“平等互利、和平利用、包容发展”的原则，扩大国际交流与合作，为人类和平利用太空、推动人类命运共同体提供更多中国智慧、中国方案、中国力量。

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On 9th October 2021 Month in a Hong Kong –Beijing CNSA China National Space Administration- CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program Belt and Road Initiative Mons Rumker Luna Mission …..  The team of CLEP – China Lunar Exploration CNSA’s lunar and Martian  exploration department  have release The first research results of Chang’e 5 lunar samples were published in “Science”

Recently, an international research team led by researcher Liu Dunyi from the Beijing Ion Probe Center of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China Geological Survey and Professor Alexander Nemchin, a senior overseas visiting scholar from the Institute of Geology, Australia, is conducting research on the Chang’e-5 lunar samples. Significant progress has been made. The team conducted chronological, elemental, and isotope analysis of the Chang’e 5 lunar basalt, which proved that magma activity still existed on the moon 1.96 billion years ago, providing key scientific evidence for perfecting the evolution of the moon. The related research paper “The Age and Composition of Chang’e 5 Young Basalt” was published online in the international academic journal “Science” in the early morning of October 8, Beijing time. This is the first academic achievement published based on the Chang’e-5 lunar sample. Researcher Liu Dunyi and Professor Alexander Nemchin are the co-corresponding authors of this article. Dr. Xiaochao Che is the first author of this article.

When the moon’s magmatism ceases has always been one of the major scientific issues in the study of the history of the moon’s evolution. Previous studies on lunar samples have not found that there is a magma activity younger than 2.9 billion years on the moon. The sampling location of the Chang’e-5 mission was designed in the lunar sea basalt area, which is the youngest on the lunar surface. A total of 1731 grams of lunar samples were collected through surface sampling and drilling. They were reviewed by the Lunar Sample Expert Committee and reviewed by the Lunar Exploration and Aerospace Engineering Center. , And reported to the National Space Administration for approval that on July 12 this year, the first batch of lunar scientific research samples totaling 31 were distributed to 13 scientific research institutions. Scientists all over the world are full of hope and look forward to obtaining the results of younger magma events from the study of the Chang’e-5 sample, so as to improve the evolution history of lunar magma.

The research team used detailed micro-area in-situ high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SHRIMP) dating data and solid rock mineral geochemical data to prove that there was still magma activity on the moon until 1.96 billion years ago, making the previously known lunar geology The life span has been extended by about 1 billion years.

At present, scientific research on lunar samples is in progress, the second batch of lunar samples is issued according to procedures, and relevant scientific results will be released in time.

(Link to the original publication of the results: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl7957)

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Today on the 12th February 2021 Friday is the Year of the Ox previously the year of the Rat…… featuring on the CCTV – China Central Television Beijing Studios also the world’s  most watched television show globally from Beijing – China – People’s Republic of China.. Featuring is CNSA – China National Space Administration Belt and Road Initiative ESA- European Space Agency CLEP China Luna Exploration Program is the return Sample Module of Change 5 .. Featuring is also the CNSA ESA Belt and Road initiative Mars Mission as it now in the Mars Orbit awaiting to land on the Utopia Planitia on the rustic Planet that still can be seen in the Constellation Aries in which is currently 195 Million Kilometers from Earth..    ….

On 17th December 2020 very early morning Hong Kong -Beijing Thursday, the Beijing flight control team of the CNSA China National Space Administration- CLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program Belt and Road Initiative Mons Rumker Luna Mission …..Chang’e-5 probe successfully completed China’s first extraterrestrial celestial body sampling and return mission…. At 1:59 Hong Kong –Beijing Time on December 17th early hour’s morning Thursday, the lunar exploration project Chang’e-5 returner successfully landed in the planned area of ​​Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia, marking the mission of sampling and returning to China’s first extraterrestrial body was successfully completed….

天问一号飞運騎遊達达3亿 …….As of the evening 10th February 2021, CNSA – China National Space Administration- ESA – European Space agency Belt and road initiative mars mission…first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen- Martian Probe One Tianwen-1 successfully implemented Mars capture, China’s first Mars exploration mission to circumnavigate Mars and succeeded] According to the China National Space Administration, at 19:52 on February 10, 2021, China’s first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1, was implemented Near-fire capture and braking, the orbiter 3000N orbital-controlled engine ignites for about 15 minutes, and the probe smoothly enters a large elliptical circular fire orbit with a near-fire height of about 400 kilometers, a period of about 10 Earth days, and an inclination of about 10º. The first man-made Mars satellite has achieved the goal of “orbiting, orbiting, and patrolling” the first step, and successfully orbiting Mars…..

Images and visuals are from Weibo