More than One year ago on 24th November 2020, the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface of the moon New research achievements – Chinese scientists reveal the composition of lunar soil minerals and space wind at the landing site of Chang’e 5
The fourth phase of the lunar exploration project has been approved, and the basic production of Chang’e-6 products has been completed…… The CNSA- China National Space Administration announced yesterday that China- People’s Republic of China’s lunar exploration project has made new progress. The fourth phase of the lunar exploration project has been approved by the state and is progressing smoothly. According to sources, the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project includes the Chang’e 6, Chang’e 7 and Chang’e 8 missions, which will be implemented successively in the next ten years. Among them, Chang’e 6 is the backup of Chang’e 5, which has the function of sampling and returning, and will go to the far side of the moon to perform missions. The production of Chang’e 6 has basically been completed. Combined with the first visit of Chang’e 4 to the back of the moon, after the demonstration of engineers and scientists in the early stage, the back of the moon is also taken into consideration. ….
Via CNSA China Space Administration –CLEP China Lunar Exploration project management office
More than One year ago on 24th November 2020, the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface of the moon New research achievements – Chinese scientists reveal the composition of lunar soil minerals and space wind at the landing site of Chang’e 5
Chinese scientists discover new minerals on the moon for the first time The autumn 9th September 2022 today, on the eve of the traditional Chinese festival Mid-Autumn Festival, in which duration on the 10th towards 13th September 2022 the CNSA- China National Space Administration and the National Atomic Energy Agency jointly released the latest scientific achievements of Chang’e-5. Dong Baotong, deputy director of the National Atomic Energy Agency, announced at the launch event that the new mineral discovered by Chinese scientists on the moon for the first time was named “Chang’e Stone”. This is a major scientific achievement my country has made in the field of space science, and it is also a successful exploration of cross-industry and cross-professional cooperation between nuclear and aerospace.
▲The position of Chang’e stone in the sample
“Chang’e stone” is a phosphate mineral in the form of columnar crystals found in lunar basalt grains. The innovative team of CNNC Beijing Institute of Geology, through a series of high-tech means such as X-ray diffraction, isolated a single crystal particle with a particle size of about 10 microns from 140,000 lunar sample particles, and successfully deciphered it. its crystal structure. Confirmed as a new mineral by voting by the International Mineralogical Society (IMA) New Mineral Classification and Nomenclature Committee (CNMNC). This mineral is the sixth new mineral discovered by humans on the moon, and my country has become the third country in the world to discover new minerals on the moon after the United States and Russia.
▲Microscope photos of lunar samples
▲Scanning electron microscope photo of Chang’e stone and symbiotic minerals
On December 17, 2020, Chang’e 5 returned to Earth with 1,731 grams of lunar samples. The National Space Administration has completed the distribution of 152 lunar samples in four batches totaling 53,625.7 mg, and 98 applicants from 33 scientific research units have passed the application. The fifth batch of lunar samples is being reviewed and will be released according to procedures. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Natural Resources, China National Nuclear Corporation and other units have been approved to undertake lunar sample research work, and foreign scientists and students have also participated in the joint research. At present, the latest achievements have been made in magma differentiation, space weathering, helium-3 gas and bioenergy conversion, etc., which are useful for understanding the origin and evolution of the moon, exploring the effective use of lunar resources, and realizing “zero energy” extraterrestrial environment and life. The support system has important implications
▲Chang’e Stone Structure The National Space Administration and the National Atomic Energy Agency, as the competent government departments in China’s aerospace and nuclear fields, have always adhered to the principles of “innovative leadership, collaborative efficiency, peaceful development, cooperation and sharing”, adhering to the concept of peaceful use of space and peaceful use of nuclear energy , continue to be committed to the integration of aerospace technology and nuclear technology, continue to explore scientific frontiers in deep space exploration and nuclear technology applications, and make new contributions to promoting the development of science and technology, the emergence of scientific achievements and international cooperation. .
More than One year ago on 24th November 2020, the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface of the moon New research achievements – Chinese scientists reveal the composition of lunar soil minerals and space wind at the landing site of Chang’e 5
Predecessors have used orbital remote sensing data to conduct extensive research on the topography and material composition of the CE-5 landing area. Recently, a series of sample analyses have advanced the understanding of lunar chronology, late lunar volcanism, and magma evolution mechanisms. Different from large-scale remote sensing observation and fine sample analysis, in situ spectral detection can not only provide local background information of the sampling area, but also be beneficial to study the characteristics of lunar soil in undisturbed and disturbed states. The Lunar Mineral Spectrometer (LMS) carried by the CE-5 lander acquired the visible-infrared reflectance spectrum of the lunar soil, which provided important data support for the study of the material composition of the lunar soil and space weathering.
Researchers from the Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather of the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the “Space Center”) used the Chang’e-5 LMS in situ detection data to analyse the material composition and maturity, spectral parameters and unmixing of the lunar soil at the landing site The study shows that the mafic minerals in the lunar soil are mainly clinopyroxene, which is consistent with the chemical analysis and orbital spectral analysis results of the CE-5 sample in the laboratory.
The optical maturity and submicroscopic iron (SMFe) of the lunar soil did not change significantly before and after the rocket purge and shovel sampling. This study provides spectral evidence that the lunar soil surface experienced rapid tillage and adequate mixing.
Figure 1: (A) The measured field of view of the LMS spectral data is shown in the red box. Panoramic cameras show images of (B) lunar soil and (C) rocks, respectively. (D) LMS reflectance spectrum curve.
The red box in Figure 1A shows the observation field of LMS spectral data, where D11 is the rock block, and D14-D16 are the lunar soil spectra after shovelling. The magnified images of lunar soil and rocks are shown in Figure 1B and C, and Figure 1D shows the reflectance spectrum curve after preprocessing such as radiometric calibration and thermal correction.
Through the spectral parameter map of the absorption features at 1 μm and 2 μm (Fig. 2A), it was found that with the increase of calcium content, the absorption positions of pyroxene at 1 μm and 2 μm moved to the long-wave direction, and the lunar soil and rocks at the CE-5 landing site For high-calcium pyroxene, this is further confirmed in the 1 μm absorption center and the ratio projection of the 2 μm to 1 μm absorption area (Fig. 2B).
In this study, the Hapke model and the sparse unmixing algorithm were used to invert the mineral composition and abundance of the in situ spectra. The inversion results were consistent with the analysis results of CE-5 samples and the inversion results of orbital remote sensing (Fig.
Figure 2: LMS in situ spectral composition analysis
Space weathering is a common phenomenon of spectral reddening and darkening caused by micrometeorite impacts and solar wind injection on non-atmospheric celestial bodies.
First, the maturity of the lunar soil at the CE-5 landing site was qualitatively analyzed by using the projection maps of the spectral slopes R950/R750 and R1600/R700 and R750 and R700 respectively (Fig. 3A, B). It was found that compared with the lunar soil at the CE-4 landing site, the The lunar soil in the CE-3 and CE-5 landing areas is relatively immature, which may be related to the fact that CE-3 and CE-5 landed on a young impact crater sputter carpet (<100 Ma).
This study further calculated the optical maturity (OMAT, Fig. 3C) and submicroscopic iron (SMFe, Fig. 3D) content, and found that there was no significant change in lunar soil maturity before and after the rocket purge, and before and after scooping, indicating CE-5 landing The lunar soil in the district has experienced an equivalent exposure history within the scooping depth (<3cm).
This result is consistent with the radionuclide analysis results of the Apollo drilling samples and the simulation results of the lunar soil tillage model. This study provides spectroscopic evidence that the lunar soil surface undergoes rapid tillage and adequate mixing.
Figure 3: LMS In Situ Spectral Maturity Analysis
Space weathering is a common phenomenon of spectral reddening and darkening caused by micrometeorite impacts and solar wind injection on non-atmospheric celestial bodies.
First, the maturity of the lunar soil at the CE-5 landing site was qualitatively analyzed by using the projection maps of the spectral slopes R950/R750 and R1600/R700 and R750 and R700 respectively (Fig. 3A, B). It was found that compared with the lunar soil at the CE-4 landing site, the The lunar soil in the CE-3 and CE-5 landing areas is relatively immature, which may be related to the fact that CE-3 and CE-5 landed on a young impact crater sputter carpet (<100 Ma).
This study further calculated the optical maturity (OMAT, Fig. 3C) and submicroscopic iron (SMFe, Fig. 3D) content, and found that there was no significant change in lunar soil maturity before and after the rocket purge, and before and after scooping, indicating CE-5 landing The lunar soil in the district has experienced an equivalent exposure history within the scooping depth (<3cm).
This result is consistent with the radionuclide analysis results of the Apollo drilling samples and the simulation results of the lunar soil tillage model. This study provides spectroscopic evidence that the lunar soil surface undergoes rapid tillage and adequate mixing.
上述研究成果
已成功发表于国际权威学术期刊
Earth and Planetary Science Letters上。
Via CNSA China Space Administration –CLEP China Lunar Exploration project management office
More than One year ago on 24th November 2020, the Chang Zheng – Long March Five Carrier Rocket Launched away in CNSA – China National Space Administration China Wenchang spaceport launch, Change Five Lunar probe into orbit, opened up towards China – People’s Republic of China’s first celestial bodies sample return trip from Mons Rumker on the Lunar Surface of the moon in which now on the week of 12th July a new series Popular Science Documentary named the “The Magical Chang’e 5” Popular Science Documentary Officially Released in Beijing- China – People’s Republic of China…
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On July 12th 2022, the popular science documentary “The Magical Chang’e 5” jointly produced by the National Space Administration and the China Association for Science and Technology was officially released in Beijing. Shu Wei, secretary of the Secretariat of the China Association for Science and Technology, and Dong Baotong, deputy director of the National Space Administration, attended the press conference and delivered speeches. Hu Hao, the chief designer of the third phase of the lunar exploration project, and relevant comrades from the China Association for Science and Technology, the National Space Administration, the Space Foundation, and the engineering research and development units attended the conference- press conference.
On December 17, 2020, the Chang’e 5 mission, the third phase of the lunar exploration project, obtained 1,731 grams of lunar samples and returned to Earth, realizing the millennium dream of the Chinese nation “to embrace the moon in nine days”, and promoting human lunar sample research into the “Chang’e Era”. Chang’e 5 is not only a historical achievement of scientific and technological innovation, but also has a very high value for popular science. Show the lunar exploration journey of Chang’e 5 in the way of popular science, and tell the technological breakthrough of Chang’e 5 in the language of popular science, give full play to the social efficiency of major projects, and promote the process of popularization of scientific and technological resources.
Scientific and technological innovation and scientific popularization are the two wings to realize innovation and development. The popular science documentary “The Magical Chang’e 5” focuses on the key links of the Chang’e 5 mission from launch to home. It reproduces the magical journey of Chang’e’s lunar exploration in the form of records + popular science, and uses the form of documentary + animation It describes the scientific principles of Chang’e’s lunar exploration, which is a beneficial exploration of the combination of scientific and technological innovation and scientific popularization.
At the press conference, three senior consultants of the lunar exploration project sent messages via video. Academician Luan Enjie, the first commander-in-chief of the lunar exploration project, said that our lunar exploration project has embarked on a lunar exploration road with Chinese characteristics. Academician Ouyang Ziyuan, chief scientist of the Chang’e-1 lunar application system, said that “The Magical Chang’e-5” is China’s first all-round, multi-dimensional and three-dimensional science popularization work based on the lunar exploration project. Academician Ye Peijian, chief designer and commander of the Chang’e-1 probe, said that the core technology can only rely on self-reliance. They believe that “The Magical Chang’e 5” will surely plant spiritual seeds in the hearts of young people and take our exploration to a deeper space.
As of Month of 7th July 2022, The CNSA –China National Space AdministrationCLEP- China Lunar Exploration Program Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission……Chang’e-4 with Yutu two the Lunar rover still working exploring more than moved more than 1239.88 meters on the other side of the moon on the 103 Kilometers Diameter Von Karman Crater in which is least than two length by length fifty five Kilometers Hong Kong –Macau- Zhuhai Bridges …. Working Exploring the Crater on the other side of the Moon Chang’e Luna…. Chang’e-4 completed the 44th day of work, and the results revealed the cause of the abnormal area of the Moon’s South Pole-Aiken ….composition travelling The “Yutu 2” lunar rover and lander of the Chang’e The total mileage of the lunar rover on the far side of the moon is 1239.88 meters
The South Pole-Aiken Basin is the largest impact basin on the Moon, with a diameter of over 2,400 kilometers. The study of the South Pole-Aiken Basin is of great significance for revealing the origin of the lunar asymmetry, the impact process, the early evolution process and the composition of the deep material. Orbital remote sensing observations show that there is a compositional anomaly in the center of the Antarctic-Aiken Basin. The planetary science team of Shandong University analyzed and interpreted the in-situ visible and near-infrared spectral data of the Yutu-2 lunar rover and found that the lunar crust is the Antarctic-Aiken composition anomaly. The main material source provides important constraints for the future exploration of materials in the Antarctic-Aiken Basin and even the deep parts of the moon.
The main material components on the lunar The material composition at the bottom of the South Pole-Aiken Basin is abnormal, and the content of mafic silicate minerals and iron is significantly higher than that in the peripheral area of the basin (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The distribution of iron and pyroxene content inside and outside the Antarctic-Aiken Basin
Most of the previous studies on the material composition of the Antarctic-Aiken Basin only focused on mafic minerals. Due to the anomalous characteristics of mafic in this region, there has even been a debate about whether the lunar mantle is peridotite or pyroxene. Although according to the lunar magma ocean hypothesis, olivine and pyroxene are the main minerals of the lunar mantle, the plutonic magma intrusion after the formation of the lunar crust can also form rocks rich in olivine or pyroxene in the lunar crust, so olivine is enriched Or pyroxene does not serve as evidence of origin from the lunar mantle. So far, humans have not obtained samples from the Antarctic-Aiken Basin and returned to Earth, and their trace elements and isotopic characteristics cannot be known. Among the material composition information available through remote sensing or in situ detection, the plagioclase content also distinguishes crust-derived and mantle-derived rocks. key indicators.
Figure 2. Mineral composition and source reservoir of Chang’e-4 landing area
The content of plagioclase in the material of the Antarctic-Aiken composition anomaly area sputtered by the Finsen Numerical simulation studies believe that during the excavation process of the South Pole-Aiken impact, the lunar crust has been completely stripped, but in the subsequent transformation stage, the collapse of the instantaneous crater wall may cause the lunar crustal material to slip off the bottom of the basin. In addition, other basin impact events after the Antarctic-Aiken impact event also produced a backfilling effect on the bottom of the Antarctic-Aiken Basin, and the exposed lunar mantle material or impact melting products during the formation of the basin is likely to have been diluted by the lunar crust material. Mineralogical and geochemical unmixing analysis results show that the lunar soil on the surface of the anomalous area is composed of about 70% of the lunar crust material and about 30% of the material enriched in iron and incompatible elements.
The first author of this research is postdoctoral fellow Chen Jian of Shandong University, and the corresponding author is Professor Ling Zongcheng, head of the planetary science team of Shandong University and senior researcher of the Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It was published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, an international astronomy journal …..
Images and visuals are from their Respectives source CLEP – China Lunar Exploration Project
