Tag: ESA

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEPS #November2020 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission #Change4 #Yutu2 making another Luna trekking 520 Meters more #LunaExploration Summary of 677-day scientific achievements milestone …..

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As of 10 November 2020, The CNSA –China National Space Administration Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission CLEP on the One Hundred Kilometer diameter Von Karman Crater    Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover the Chang’e-4 lander and the “Yutu-2” lunar rover have completed 21-month scientific exploration on the back of the moon. They broke through 677 Earth  Days On the far back of the moon, the Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover ended their moon night dormancy at 3:12 on November 10 and 10:17 on November 9 respectively. They were awakened by light and ushered in the first 24 days. Up to now, Chang’e-4 has successfully operated for 677 Earth days.

Based on the data of the panoramic camera spliced images and DOM images of the detection point, the “Yutu-2” lunar rover will continue to drive northwest during the 24th day of the month, targeting the basalt direction or the impact crater area with high reflectivity. Near the noon of the moon, the “Yutu-2” lunar rover plans to take at least one panoramic camera ring shot, and the infrared imaging spectrometer, neutral atom detector, and lunar radar will carry out simultaneous detection.

Go to the nearest impact crater with brighter reflectivity (purple circled area), the red circle is the location of the rock block

  As the “Yutu-2” lunar rover continues to move northwest, scientists from the core team of Chang’e-4 use the first-hand data returned to continue to produce scientific results. The scientific team recently published an article in the SCI journal “Science China Information Sciences” and pointed out that the impact during the formation of the Antarctic-Aitken Basin is likely to penetrate the lunar crust and impact deep lunar material.

Since the remote sensing observation of the back of the moon by orbiting satellites, a large number of studies have revealed the existence of mafic anomalies at the bottom of the Antarctic-Aitken Basin, which also have different chemical properties compared to returned samples and lunar meteorites. Chang’e-4 probed the sputter layer at the bottom of the impact crater in the Antarctic-Aitken Basin and found that the characteristics of mafic minerals in this area are similar to remote sensing data.

Research data shows that the mafic minerals in the rocks and lunar soil in the Chang’e 4 landing area are dominated by clinopyroxene, which has the same composition as the rapidly cooling magma system. It is believed that the material in the landing zone of Chang’e 4 mainly comes from the recrystallization of the impact melt. The patrol and detection of “Yutu-2” in this area provided a scientific basis for in-depth understanding of the cause of the mafic anomaly at the bottom of the Antarctic-Aitken Basin….

在遥远的月球背面，嫦娥四号着陆器和“玉兔二号”月球车分别于11月10日3时12分和11月9日10时17分结束月夜休眠，受光照自主唤醒，迎来第24月昼。截至目前，嫦娥四号已顺利工作677个地球日。​

基于探测点全景相机拼接影像、DOM影像等数据情况，“玉兔二号”月球车将在第24月昼期间继续向西北方向行驶，目标为玄武岩方向或反射率较高的撞击坑区域。在接近月午时，“玉兔二号”月球车计划进行至少1次全景相机环拍，红外成像光谱仪、中性原子探测仪、测月雷达开展同步探测。

 随着“玉兔二号”月球车向西北方向不断前行，嫦娥四号核心团队科学家利用传回的第一手数据，持续产出科学成果。科学团队近期发表在SCI期刊《Science China Information Sciences》上的一篇文章中指出：南极–艾特肯盆地形成时的撞击很可能穿透月壳，撞击出月球深部物质。

自轨道卫星实现对月球背面的遥感观测以来，大量研究揭示南极-艾特肯盆地底部存在镁铁质异常，相比返回样品以及月球陨石，也有着不同的化学特性。嫦娥四号通过对南极-艾特肯盆地撞击坑底部溅射物层的探测，发现该区域镁铁质矿物特征与遥感数据相似。

研究数据显示，嫦娥四号着陆区的石块及月壤中镁铁质矿物以单斜辉石为主，这种辉石成分与快速冷却的岩浆系统一致。研究认为嫦娥四号着陆区物质主要来自撞击熔融体的重结晶。“玉兔二号”在这一区域的巡视探测为深入认识南极-艾特肯盆地底部镁铁质异常区的成因提供了科学依据。​​​​

One Mare crisium featured with times frozen Luna mantle layering features..

Images and visuals are from Weibo CNSA –China National Space Administration –CLEP- China Luna Exploration Program..

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #國家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #October2020 |#火星 # 天問 #天问一号 #LongMarch5 #ChangZheng5 #TianwenOne #MarsMission #Marslander #MarsRover #MarsProbe does a course late October direction heading towards the #UtopiaPlanitia #Mars 44 million kilometers away from #Planet #Earth….

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On the 28th October 2020 Friday  2200 hours Beijing time CNSA – China National Space Administration Tianwen-1 probe completes third midway correction of orbit  in which  under the control of the flight control team of China- People’s Republic of China’ Belt and road initiative  first Mars exploration mission, eight 25N engines of Tianwen-1 probe ignite at the same time. The third midway correction of the orbit was successfully completed, and the actual performance of the 25N engine was calibrated on orbit.

The third midway correction of the orbit was implemented to make minor adjustments to the transfer orbit after the deep space maneuver, so that the Mars rover will rendezvous with Mars at the scheduled time…..

Up to now, Tianwen-1 has been in orbit for 97 days, about 44 million kilometers away from the earth, and about 256 million kilometers in flight. The detector systems are in good condition, and the ground-based measurement, control and communication centers and stations track normally…..

Previously Tianwen-1 probe.. On the 9th October 2020 Friday  2300 hours Beijing time CNSA – China National Space Administration that under the control of the flight control team of China’s first Mars exploration mission, the main engine of the Tianwen-1 probe was ignited. In more than 480 seconds, the deep space maneuver was successfully completed. The orbital maneuver was carried out in deep space approximately 29.4 million kilometers from the earth. The orbit design of Tianwen-1 comprehensively considered various constraints from launch to Mars capture and made the propellant consumption as small as possible, and adopted the strategy of a deep space maneuver during the transfer process. The probe will rendezvous with Mars about 4 months after its current orbit, during which two or three midway corrections will be implemented……

Previous the last course correction … during On October 1st 2020, as China- People’s Republic of China also throughout the Chinese also the Asian Communities celebrates the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival; CNSA China National Space Administration released China’s first Mars exploration mission Tianwen-1 exploration….. The image of the CNSA Belt and Road Initiative European Space Agency collaboration Martian Probe flying, the five-star red flag on the picture is dazzling, showing a bright Chinese red. This is the first deep space self-portrait of our country 天问一号 Martian probe. In the vast universe, the silver landing patrol device and the golden orbiter are shining brightly. Tianwen No.1 uses this to report safety to China and express birthday wishes.

As we all know, when taking selfies on the ground, you can use auxiliary tools such as selfie sticks to shoot after choosing the angle, light and shadow, but the selfie of “Tianwen No. 1” is not that simple. Due to its large size, if the selfie stick strategy is adopted, “Tianwen No.1” needs to use a 15-meter-long selfie stick to achieve a full-view selfie, which not only consumes resources, but is also prone to safety risks. For this reason, the Mars Orbiter Engineering Survey Sub-system Team of the Eighth Academy of Sciences proposed a “separated monitoring plan”, which is to “throw out” a light camera under suitable lighting conditions to take pictures of “Tianwen No. 1” and transmit the images in real time. Go back to the “Tianwen No. 1” probe.

Have you seen a one-time dual-head super wifi camera?………In order to successfully implement the separate monitoring program, the Eighth Academy Mars Orbiter Engineering Measurement Sub-system team needs a little guy who can “divide, shoot clearly, pass back, and hold on”: use a small, small, low-impact unlocking separation device The camera can be “divided out”; the use of colour imaging, the configuration of 800×600, 1600X1200 two-level resolution camera allows the image to be “clearly captured”; the use of super Wi-Fi communication that can achieve 400 meters of wireless communication allows data “Passed back”; the use of disposable batteries that can provide power for longer than 1 hour allows the camera to “hold on”, allowing the ground to see the full picture of the “Tianwen No. 1” rushing to the fire.

Considering that the camera may turn over as it gradually moves away from the detector, the development team designed the camera as a dual-headed front and back to ensure that the camera can capture as many detector images as possible during the turning process. After four years of research and development, this little guy weighing about 950g successfully carried the “Tianwen-1” Mars probe into space, and successfully separated the head weighing about 680g, and obtained a clear image. Successfully completed the overall visual monitoring task of “Tianwen No. 1”

The name “Tianwen”: 天問 ….. Comes from the long poem of the same name written by Qu Yuan (about 340–278 BC), one of the greatest poets of Ancient China. It is a poem of a series of questions starting with how the universe was created.

Images and visuals are from Weibo

#CNSA #ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration #国家航天局 |#BeltAndRoadinitiative #CLEPS #October2020 | #VonKarmanCrater #LunarMission#嫦娥 #Change4 #玉兔#Yutu2 #JadeRabbit waking up to a Lunar morning exploration 565.9 Metres 660 #EarthDays on the #VonKarman #Crater.. From a good night sleep..

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As of 23rd October 2020, The CNSA –China National Space Administration Belt and Road Initiative Lunar Mission on the One Hundred Kilometer diameter Von Karman Crater    Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover the Chang’e-4 lander and the “Yutu-2” lunar rover Chang’e 4 lander and “Yutu 2” lunar rover usher in As the celestial bodies move, night falls once again on the back of the moon. The Chang’e 4 lander and the “Yutu 2” lunar rover completed the 23rd day of the month. At 21:40 and 12:00 on October 23, they completed the moon night mode setting according to ground instructions and entered moon night sleep. As of today, the Chang’e-4 lander and the “Yutu-2” lunar rover have successfully worked on the back of the moon for 660 earth days, traveling a total of 565.9 meters.

Recent basalt coverage area (red line area) recent basalt coverage area (red line area)

Based on the data of the panoramic camera stitched images and DOM images on the 22nd day, the “Yutu-2” lunar rover travelled to the basalt distribution area and the impact crater area with higher reflectivity during the 23rd day. Both locations are Located northwest of the lunar rover. In this travel route, the infrared imaging spectrometer performed a spectral detection of a rock block with a diameter of about 30 cm. The scientific research team is conducting in-depth research on the detection data. During the 23-month scientific exploration, the lander’s lunar surface neutron and radiation dose detector carried out the world’s first on-site- on-site particle radiation environment detection on the lunar surface, and obtained precious first-hand scientific data. The research results are in Science Advance Journal published.

The installation position of the moon surface neutron and radiation dose detector on the lander The installation position of the moon surface neutron and radiation dose detector on the lander

The moon surface neutron and radiation dose detector can comprehensively measure the total particle radiation dose, neutral particle radiation dose, particle radiation LET spectrum, neutrons, and charged particles on the moon surface. The actual measurement results show that the particle radiation dose rate near the landing zone is 13.2uGy/h(si), the dose equivalent is twice that of the surface of Mars and the interior of the space station, 5 to 10 times of a flight, and 300 times of the surface of the earth (Beijing).

The measured monthly radiation dose (the horizontal axis is Universal Time, the vertical axis are respectively: a total radiation dose rate in silicon (microGray/hour), b. neutral particle radiation dose rate in silicon (microGray) /Hour), c. The charged particle radiation dose rate in silicon (microGray/hour), d. The cosmic ray penetrating particle flux (pieces/square centimeter·hour·radian) measured monthly surface radiation dose (horizontal The axis is Universal Time, and the vertical axis are: a total radiation dose rate in silicon (microGray/hour), b. neutral particle radiation dose rate in silicon (microGray/hour), c. silicon Charged particle radiation dose rate (microGray/hour), d. Cosmic ray penetrating particle flux (pieces/square centimeter·hour·radian)

These field measurement results provide important radiation environment parameters for the follow-up lunar exploration in my country. The load also distinguishes the radiation dose of charged particles and neutral particles, thereby providing more accurate radiation physical quantities, which can serve the radiation protection of future astronauts.

Today in the history of spaceflight on 24th October :

On October 24, 2007, my country’s first lunar exploration satellite, Chang’e-1, was successfully launched by the Long March 3A carrier rocket at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, opening the glorious course of my country’s lunar exploration project. On November 12, 2008, the full moon image taken by Chang’e-1 was released. On March 1, 2009, the satellite hit the moon in a controlled manner as scheduled. The successful implementation of this mission marked my country’s entry into the world deep space exploration club and established the third milestone of China’s spaceflight after artificial satellites and manned spaceflight.

On October 24, 2014, my country’s first-month high-speed reentry aircraft was launched from the Long March III C-modified II carrier rocket at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, and it orbited the moon three days later. On November 1, the returner landed in Siziwang Banner, Ulanqab City, Inner Mongolia, China. As a pilot mission of the third phase of the lunar exploration project, it verified the key technology of lunar sampling and returning, laying a solid foundation for lunar sampling and returning.

Schematic diagram of reentry and return test track Schematic diagram of reentry and return test track…

随着天体的运行，夜幕再次降临在月球背面。嫦娥四号着陆器和“玉兔二号”月球车完成第23月昼工作，分别于10月23日21时40分和12时，按地面指令完成月夜模式设置，进入月夜休眠。截至今天，嫦娥四号着陆器和“玉兔二号”月球车已在月球背面顺利工作660个地球日，累计行驶565.9米。

最近玄武岩覆盖区域（红色线条区域）最近玄武岩覆盖区域（红色线条区域）

基于第22月昼全景相机拼接影像、DOM影像等数据情况，“玉兔二号”月球车在第23月昼期间先后向玄武岩分布区域和反射率较高的撞击坑区域行驶，这两个位置均位于月球车西北方向。在此行进路线中，红外成像光谱仪对一直径约为30cm的岩块进行了光谱探测。科研团队正在对探测数据进行深入研究。在23个月昼的科学探测中，着陆器上月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪开展了国际上首次月表实地粒子辐射环境探测，获取了珍贵的第一手科学数据，研究成果在Science Advance期刊发表。

月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪在着陆器上的安装位置月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪在着陆器上的安装位置

月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪可对月表的粒子辐射总剂量、中性粒子辐射剂量、粒子辐射LET谱、中子、带电粒子进行综合测量。实测结果表明，着陆区附近粒子辐射剂量率为13.2uGy/h(si)，剂量当量是火星表面和空间站内部的2倍，一次航班的5到10倍，地球表面（北京）的300倍。

测量到的月表辐射剂量（横轴为世界时，纵轴分别为：a 硅中的总辐射剂量率（微戈瑞/小时），b. 硅中的中性粒子辐射剂量率(微戈瑞/小时)， c. 硅中的带电粒子辐射剂量率(微戈瑞/小时)，d. 宇宙线穿透粒子通量(个/平方厘米·小时·弧度)测量到的月表辐射剂量（横轴为世界时，纵轴分别为：a 硅中的总辐射剂量率（微戈瑞/小时），b. 硅中的中性粒子辐射剂量率(微戈瑞/小时)， c. 硅中的带电粒子辐射剂量率(微戈瑞/小时)，d. 宇宙线穿透粒子通量(个/平方厘米·小时·弧度)

这些实地测量结果为我国后续的月球探测提供了重要的辐射环境参数。该载荷还将带电粒子和中性粒子的辐射剂量进行了区分，由此提供了更加精准的辐射物理量，可服务于未来航天员的辐射防护。

航天史上的今天：

2007年10月24日，我国首颗探月卫星嫦娥一号由长征三号甲运载火箭在西昌卫星发射中心发射成功，开启了我国探月工程的辉煌历程。2008年11月12日，嫦娥一号拍摄的全月球影像图发布。2009年3月1日，卫星按预定计划受控撞月。本次任务的成功实施，标志着我国进入世界深空探测俱乐部，树立了中国航天继人造卫星和载人航天之后的第三个里程碑。

2014年10月24日，我国首个月地高速再入返回飞行器在西昌卫星发射中心由长征三号丙改II型运载火箭发射升空，三日后实现绕月。11月1日返回器在中国内蒙古乌兰察布市四子王旗境内着陆。作为探月工程三期先导任务，验证了月球取样返返回关键技术，为月球采样返回奠定了坚实基础。

再入返回试验轨道示意图再入返回试验轨道示意图

Images and visuals are from Weibo.. ​​​​Also from my own lunar photography @KevinJamesNg